Copyright © 2000 Baltimore Technologies Ltd. This document may be reproduced and distributed providing such a reproduction is complete and unmodified. Baltimore ACCE 010387 FIPS 140-1 Security Policy Table of Contents 3 Baltimore ACCE - 010387 FIPS 140-1 Security Policy - 1.2 Copyright © 2000 Baltimore Technologies Ltd. This document may be reproduced and distributed providing such a reproduction is complete and unmodified. Table of Contents 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 5 1.1. The Baltimore ACCE......................................................................................5 1.2. The SureWare Keyper....................................................................................6 2. Non-FIPS Operating Modes .................................................................................. 7 2.1. General........................................................................................................7 2.2. Support of non-FIPS algorithms ....................................................................7 2.3. Further non-FIPS operation...........................................................................7 3. Physical Security.................................................................................................. 8 3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................8 3.2. Physical Security Rules..................................................................................9 4. Roles and Services............................................................................................. 10 4.1. User Role ...................................................................................................10 4.2. Crypto Officer Role.....................................................................................10 5. Identity Based Authentication ........................................................................... 11 5.1. User...........................................................................................................11 5.2. Crypto Officers...........................................................................................11 6. Security Data...................................................................................................... 12 7. Firmware Loading............................................................................................... 13 7.1. Factory Firmware Download and Key Initialisation........................................13 7.2. Firmware Upgrade ......................................................................................13 8. Maintenance....................................................................................................... 14 Introduction 5 Baltimore ACCE - 010387 FIPS 140-1 Security Policy - 1.2 Copyright © 2000 Baltimore Technologies Ltd. This document may be reproduced and distributed providing such a reproduction is complete and unmodified. 1. Introduction This document describes the FIPS PUB 140-1 view of the Baltimore ACCE’s security policies. 1.1. The Baltimore ACCE The Baltimore Advanced Configurable Crypto Environment (ACCE) (see front cover picture) is a cryptographic module contained within a tamper resistant and detecting enclosure certified as meeting FIPS 140-1 level 4. The ACCE is a single user module i.e.; it provides cryptographic services to exactly one user. This single user is an embedded firmware application which can only be generated and loaded by Baltimore or licensed OEMs. The ACCE does not allow this single user to undertake crypto officer functions; Crypto Officers are differently authenticated and have access to an independent data interface (dedicated serial port assumed to be connected to a display, keypad & SmartCard reader.). The cryptographic module includes a commercial RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) microprocessor which manages and/or undertakes the cryptographic services provided by the module. This single user is an embedded firmware application written to provide general product functionality or to support specific customer requirements. FIPS approved Cryptographic techniques (see Section 5: Identity Based Authentication for details) ensure that application can only be loaded onto the ACCE module by Baltimore or by licensed OEMs (user code cannot be loaded dynamically, though authenticated field updates are possible). The module also includes dedicated hardware modules for carrying out common cryptographic functions (modular exponentiation and symmetric algorithm operations). Introduction 6 Baltimore ACCE - 010387 FIPS 140-1 Security Policy - 1.2 Copyright © 2000 Baltimore Technologies Ltd. This document may be reproduced and distributed providing such a reproduction is complete and unmodified. 1.2. The SureWare Keyper The Baltimore SureWare Keyper is an example of Baltimore product containing the ACCE combined with an application (the single user of the ACCE; in this case the “SureWare Keyper Professional” application) to provide ACCE cryptographic functions such as Encrypt/Decrypt, Hash, MAC, Sign, Verify, Generate Keys, etc. to a standard (network) interface. The SureWare Keyper physically consists of an ACCE module, a SmartCard interface unit, case, keypad, display, battery, power supply unit and the network interface. (The battery maintains internal storage keys during power-off state; the unit is not battery powered.) The SureWare Keyper is designed to be connected directly to a host computer, not to a public network. In operation, plain text/ cypher text and end user commands all pass over the same interface – the SureWare Keyper does not enforce data separation at that level. (Thus its operation is similar to an embedded “crypto PCIcard”, not a Virtual Private Network (VPN) device. However, unlike a PCI card, the SureWare Keyper has its own SmartCard Reader contained in the box and can easily be disconnected from the host computer for secure storage when not in use.) Non-FIPS Operating Modes Baltimore ACCE - 010387 FIPS 140-1 Security Policy - 1.2 7 . Copyright © 2000 Baltimore Technologies Ltd. This document may be reproduced and distributed providing such a reproduction is complete and unmodified. 2. Non-FIPS Operating Modes 2.1. General The Baltimore ACCE offers a range of cryptographic facilities and mechanisms, subject to factory build options. When operated in FIPS mode, the ACCE is certified to operate at FIPS 140-1 level 4 after the initialisation process is completed (Initialisation generates or imports the data used to authenticate Crypto Officers.) 2.2. Support of non-FIPS algorithms Where build options permit, non-FIPS modes operation for cryptographic functions or non- FIPS approved algorithms (where non-FIPS approved algorithms are provided) may also be selected. Choice of FIPS/non-FIPS cryptographic functions or algorithms is determined by an API (Application Programming Interface) parameter and is selected on a command-by- command basis by the embedded application (i.e. the user). 2.3. Further non-FIPS operation In addition to the above, two (or more) Authenticated Crypto Officers acting together may enable further non-FIPS modes of operation. These modes may enable (for example) the user to export plain text private keys via the data interface in order to support legacy applications. A significant non-FIPS service is the ability of Crypto Officers to “backup” protected (i.e. encrypted) user keys to Smart Cards via the Smart Card port. Physical Security 8 Baltimore ACCE - 010387 FIPS 140-1 Security Policy - 1.2 Copyright © 2000 Baltimore Technologies Ltd. This document may be reproduced and distributed providing such a reproduction is complete and unmodified. 3. Physical Security 3.1. Introduction The ACCE is contained within an embedded module certified as meeting the requirements of FIPS 140-1 level 4. A cryptographic key hierarchy headed by the Storage Master Key (SMK) protects security relevant data within the ACCE. Another similar cryptographic key hierarchy headed by the Image Master Key (IMK) protects the operation of the ACCE itself and permits authorised firmware field updates. (Authorised updates must be FIPS validated to retain FIPS-certified operations). The module surrounding the cryptographic processor (and associated memory, cryptographic acceleration devices, etc.) provides a tamper-detecting envelope, within an opaque resin coating and an outer metal case. Attempts to access the cryptographic processor and/or associated devices (including cutting, chemically dissolving or removing battery power as this enables the protection circuitry) cause the module to halt and to zeroise all plain text (secret or private) keys (user keys and the two storage master keys – the SMK & IMK). Once the IMK has been zeroised, on-site recovery (including any attempt to re-install firmware) of the ACCE is impossible. The unit must then be removed from service (it will be non-functional) and we recommend that it is returned to Baltimore for repair. If the ACCE is taken beyond its operational temperature range, it halts and zeroises all plain text (secret or private) keys and the SMK. On return to normal temperature, the unit can be restarted and (where the user application provides this service as in SureWare Keyper) keys can be re-entered from backup (if such backups exist). Note: ! Latest (“-G2”) build variants feature an additional measure. If the ACCE is taken beyond its storage temperature range the IMK is also zeroised (in addition to the halting and zeroisation of all other plain text secret or private keys that will have already occurred as a result of exceeding the operational temperature range). As described above, once zeroisation of the IMK has occurred, the ACCE cannot be recovered on-site. Physical Security Baltimore ACCE - 010387 FIPS 140-1 Security Policy - 1.2 9 . Copyright © 2000 Baltimore Technologies Ltd. This document may be reproduced and distributed providing such a reproduction is complete and unmodified. 3.2. Physical Security Rules The unit must be disconnected and removed from service in the following instances: a) The battery voltage indicator is showing low state. (Where supplied as in the SureWare Keyper) b) There are signs of physical tamper, i.e. any security labels (where fitted) have been damaged, holes have been drilled, or there is evidence of attempts to gain entry to the unit. c) A power module other than the module approved has been connected. d) It is known that the unit has been subjected to temperatures outside the specified storage temperature range. e) There is evidence of chemical attack, i.e. corrosion or discoloration. We recommend that the unit is returned to Baltimore for inspection/investigation/repair where any of the above occur. Roles and Services 10 Baltimore ACCE - 010387 FIPS 140-1 Security Policy - 1.2 Copyright © 2000 Baltimore Technologies Ltd. This document may be reproduced and distributed providing such a reproduction is complete and unmodified. 4. Roles and Services The ACCE supports (single) User and Crypto Officer Roles. 4.1. User Role (User role services are accessed by a single user; the embedded application.) Services Available: • Encrypt/Decrypt. • Sign/Verify Signature • Hash/Verify Hash • MAC/Verify MAC • Generate Symmetric Key. • Generate Asymmetric Key Pair. • Export/Import Protected Key. • Store Protected Key. The user has no direct access to Security Parameters. (i.e., the user utilises keys by label & function. The user does not access the actual value of a key.) 4.2. Crypto Officer Role The Crypto Officer accesses the ACCE via the administration interface. This interface requires a display panel, keypad and SmartCard reader (as provided in the SureWare Keyper). The Crypto Officer cannot carry out user functions. The Crypto Officer can: • Export the SMK (in n from m component form). • Import a new SMK (in n from m component form). • Generate a new SMK. • Create a new Crypto Officer SmartCard set. • Export/Import protected user keys. (non-FIPS operation) • Enable/Disable non-FIPS operation modes (requires at least two Crypto Officers). The Crypto Officer has access to the SMK and to all user protected keys. Identity Based Authentication Baltimore ACCE - 010387 FIPS 140-1 Security Policy - 1.2 11 . Copyright © 2000 Baltimore Technologies Ltd. This document may be reproduced and distributed providing such a reproduction is complete and unmodified. 5. Identity Based Authentication 5.1. User There is a single user of the ACCE Application Program Interface (API). This is the companion embedded application. This application is linked to the ACCE at factory build time and the resultant firmware image is digitally signed. This digital signature is verified during construction and then stripped by the loader firmware (i.e. the digital signature is not stored). This firmware then calculates a DES MAC (as defined in ISO/IEC 9797:1994 & FIPS PUB 113) of the user application which it stores. Every time the ACCE is restarted (i.e. power on) or reset, the MAC is recalculated and compared with the stored version. In the event that the ACCE is unable to verify this MAC, it will refuse to operate and should be returned to Baltimore for reloading/repair. 5.2. Crypto Officers The ACCE identifies and authenticates its Crypto Officers via a challenge response protocol to a device capable of responding to a formatted random challenge. Correct response depends on knowing a 56 bit shared secret. The ACCE provides software support for an attached SmartCard reader/writer and display panel/keypad for user messages. Compatible SmartCard readers and a combined display/keypad are built into Baltimore products such as the SureWare Keyper. The application end user must ensure that proper procedures are followed to protect the Crypto Officer SmartCards and their PINs from improper use or disclosure. Security Data 12 Baltimore ACCE - 010387 FIPS 140-1 Security Policy - 1.2 Copyright © 2000 Baltimore Technologies Ltd. This document may be reproduced and distributed providing such a reproduction is complete and unmodified. 6. Security Data The following are security data. • Storage Protection Keys: IMK (Image Master Key), SMK (Storage Master Key) • Crypto Officer Authentication Keys: These are derived (proprietary, non-FIPS derivation) 56 bit secrets. The fundamental secret from which they are derived is stored in protected form (for properties of “protected” see note below in “user keys” definition) in non-volatile RAM. • User Keys: All user keys. (when unencrypted) Notes: ! All user keys are protected. Protected keys are always encrypted (DES CBC under the SMK) except when they are decrypted for use. These “working copy” Plain Text instances of protected keys can only exist within the regions of the ACCE which are actively zeroised on tamper. ! The user application cannot access plain text keys. (For example, the software interface providing functionality such as “get key value” simply does not exist.) ! By definition, the storage protection keys, (the SMK and IMK) always exist in plain text form. The SMK never leaves the protected physical area except via the Crypto Officer interface in component form when required by authenticated Crypto Officers. The IMK can never be exported. Firmware Loading Baltimore ACCE - 010387 FIPS 140-1 Security Policy - 1.2 13 . Copyright © 2000 Baltimore Technologies Ltd. This document may be reproduced and distributed providing such a reproduction is complete and unmodified. 7. Firmware Loading 7.1. Factory Firmware Download and Key Initialisation Firmware for download into the ACCE during factory initialisation (namely the application, the secure download facility itself and software to generate / set up the ACCE’s Storage Protection Keys, ACCE’s Firmware Download Keys and Initialisation Keys) is required during factory initialisation. This firmware is signed with a factory key and downloaded to the ACCE on secure premises on Baltimore’s site, supervised by the Baltimore Security Officer. The ACCE rejects improperly signed firmware. The initial load facility is disabled by the ACCE on receipt of the secure download firmware and re-enabled should the ACCE be the subject of an actual tamper (breech of the tamper resistant mesh). Should an ACCE be the subject of an actual tamper (and thus, zeroisation of the IMK), a challenge/response mechanism is invoked prior to the firmware reload. This makes use of a public/private key encryption mechanism and a large random number. As this mechanism requires knowledge of Baltimore’s private key, it can only be undertaken on Baltimore’s secure premises. 7.2. Firmware Upgrade The ACCE’s application firmware can be upgraded while on the application owner’s site using the secure download process. Note: ! If “FIPS-mode” operation of the module is required after firmware upgrade, the new firmware must be FIPS validated. The download process replaces the factory-supplied application with new software. This downloaded firmware is digitally signed by Baltimore and may also be encrypted. If the signing keys are not recognised by the ACCE, it will reject the download and restart using its existing firmware. Maintenance 14 Baltimore ACCE - 010387 FIPS 140-1 Security Policy - 1.2 Copyright © 2000 Baltimore Technologies Ltd. This document may be reproduced and distributed providing such a reproduction is complete and unmodified. 8. Maintenance No user maintenance of the ACCE is possible. If a fault develops (including faults indicated by the self-test system), the ACCE must be removed from service. Repair of the ACCE requires return to Baltimore, no third party or site service is possible. Products based on the ACCE (for example, the SureWare Keyper) may potentially be repaired on the customer’s site where the fault does not involve ACCE components (for example, SmartCard reader or display/keypad faults). Configuration Control of this Document Document details File Name: FIPSSecurityPolicy.doc Document Title: Baltimore ACCE - 010387 FIPS 140-1 Security Policy Document Revision No.: 1.2. Author: Baltimore Approved By: Paul Goffin Number of pages: 15 Revision Date: 29 August 2000