This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Document Revision: 1.3 H/W version: MZWLJ1T9HBJR-000H9, MZWLJ1T9HBJR-00AH9, MZWLJ3T8HBLS-000H9, MZWLJ3T8HBLS-00AH9, MZWLJ7T6HALA-000H9, MZWLJ7T6HALA-00AH9, MZWLJ15THALA-000H9, MZWLJ15THALA-00AH9 F/W version: 3P00, 3P01, 3P02 and 3P03 Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 2 of 23 Revision History Version Updates 1.0 Initial Version 1.1 Minor changes as updated module version 1.2 Updated photo as removing decal label 1.3 Added module FW version Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 3 of 23 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Hardware and Physical Cryptographic Boundary ...................................................................... 5 1.2. Firmware and Logical Cryptographic Boundary......................................................................... 6 2. Acronym............................................................................................................................................... 7 3. Security Level Specification ................................................................................................................. 8 4. Cryptographic Functionality................................................................................................................. 9 4.1. Approved algorithms.................................................................................................................. 9 4.2. Non-Approved Algorithm......................................................................................................... 10 4.3. Critical Security Parameters..................................................................................................... 11 4.4. Public Security Parameters ...................................................................................................... 12 5. Physical Ports and Logical Interfaces................................................................................................. 13 6. Roles, Services and Authentication ................................................................................................... 14 6.1. Roles......................................................................................................................................... 14 6.2. Authentication.......................................................................................................................... 14 6.3. Services..................................................................................................................................... 15 6.3.1. Authenticated Services .................................................................................................. 15 6.3.2. Unauthenticated Services .............................................................................................. 16 7. Physical security policy ...................................................................................................................... 17 8. Electromagnetic Interference/Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMI/EMC)....................................... 19 9. Mitigation of Other Attacks Policy..................................................................................................... 20 10. Security rules .............................................................................................................................. 21 10.1. Secure Installation ................................................................................................................ 21 10.2. Operational description of Module ...................................................................................... 22 10.3. Power-on Self-Tests .............................................................................................................. 23 Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 4 of 23 1. Introduction Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (“Samsung”) NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series, herein after referred to as a “cryptographic module” or “module”, SSD (Solid State Drive), satisfies all applicable FIPS 140-2 Security Level 2 requirements, supporting TCG Opal SSC based SED (Self-Encrypting Drive) features, designed to protect unauthorized access to the user data stored in its NAND Flash memories. The built-in AES HW engines in the cryptographic module’s controller provide on-the-fly encryption and decryption of the user data without performance loss. The SED’s nature also provides instantaneous sanitization of the user data via cryptographic erase. Module Name Hardware Version Firmware Version Drive Capacity Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series MZWLJ1T9HBJR-000H9 3P00 3P02 3P03 1.9TB MZWLJ3T8HBLS-000H9 3.8TB MZWLJ7T6HALA-000H9 7.6TB MZWLJ15THALA-000H9 15.3TB MZWLJ1T9HBJR-00AH9 3P00 3P01 3P02 3P03 1.9TB MZWLJ3T8HBLS-00AH9 3.8TB MZWLJ7T6HALA-00AH9 7.6TB MZWLJ15THALA-00AH9 15.3TB Exhibit 1 – Versions of Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series. Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 5 of 23 1.1. Hardware and Physical Cryptographic Boundary The following photographs show the cryptographic module’s top and bottom views. The multiple- chip standalone cryptographic module consists of hardware and firmware components that are all enclosed in two aluminum alloy cases, which serve as the cryptographic boundary of the module. The top and bottom cases are assembled by screws and the tamper-evident labels are applied for the detection of any opening of the cases. No security relevant component can be seen within the visible spectrum through the opaque enclosure. New firmware versions within the scope of this validation must be validated through the FIPS 140-2 CMVP. Any other firmware loaded into this module is out of the scope of this validation and requires a separate FIPS 140-2 validation. Exhibit 2 – Specification of the Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series Cryptographic Boundary (From top to bottom, side). Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 6 of 23 1.2. Firmware and Logical Cryptographic Boundary The PM1733 series use a single chip controller with a NVMe interface on the system side and Samsung NAND flash internally. The following figure depicts the Module operational environment. Exhibit 3 – Block Diagram for Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series. Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 7 of 23 2. Acronym Acronym Description CTRL Controller NVMe I/F Non-Volatile Memory Express Interface CPU Central Processing Unit (ARM-based) DRAM I/F Dynamic Random Access Memory Interface ECC Error Correcting Code SRAM Static Random Access Memory NAND I/F NAND Flash Interface PMIC Power Management Integrated Circuit ROM Read-only Memory DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory NAND NAND Flash Memory LBA Logical Block Address MEK Media Encryption Key MSID Manufactured SID(Security Identifier) TCM Tightly Coupled Memory Exhibit 4 – Acronym and Descriptions for Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series. Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 8 of 23 3. Security Level Specification Security Requirements Area Level Cryptographic Module Specification 2 Cryptographic Module Ports and Interfaces 2 Roles, Services, and Authentication 2 Finite State Model 2 Physical Security 2 Operational Environment N/A Cryptographic Key Management 2 EMI/EMC 3 Self-tests 2 Design Assurance 2 Mitigation of Other Attacks N/A Exhibit 5 – Security Level Table Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 9 of 23 4. Cryptographic Functionality 4.1. Approved algorithms The cryptographic module supports the following Approved algorithms for secure data storage: CAVP Cert. Algorithm Standard Mode / Method Key Lengths, Curves or Moduli Use C1271 AES FIPS 197 SP 800-38E XTS 256-bit Data Encryption / Decryption Vendor Affirmed CKG SP 800-133 Cryptographic Key Generation C1292 DRBG SP 800-90A Revision 1 Hash_ DRBG (SHA-256) Deterministic Random Bit Generation C1293 RSA FIPS 186-4 SigVer PSS-2048 Digital Signature Verification C1272 SHS FIPS 180-4 SHA-256 Message Digest Exhibit 6 – Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series Approved Algorithms. Note1: AES-ECB is the pre-requisite for AES-XTS; AES-ECB alone is NOT supported by the cryptographic module in FIPS Mode. Note2: This module supports AES-XTS which is only approved for storage applications. Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 10 of 23 4.2. Non-Approved Algorithm The cryptographic module supports the following non-Approved but allowed algorithms: Algorithm Use NDRNG Module implements a Digital True Random Number Generator (only used for generating seed materials for the Approved DRBG) as an NDRNG. NDRNG provides a minimum of 256 bits of entropy for DRBG seed. Exhibit 7 – Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series Non-Approved but allowed algorithms. Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 11 of 23 4.3. Critical Security Parameters The cryptographic module contains the following Keys and CSPs: CSPs Generation, Storage and Zeroization Methods DRBG Internal State*Note3 Generation: SP 800-90A HASH_DRBG (SHA-256) Storage: Plaintext in TCM Zeroization: via “Initialization”, “Erase an LBA Range’s Data” and “Zeroize” service DRBG Seed Generation: NDRNG Storage: Plaintext in DRAM Zeroization: via “Initialization”, “Erase an LBA Range’s Data”, and “Zeroize” service DRBG Entropy Input String Generation: NDRNG Storage: Plaintext in DRAM Zeroization: via “Initialization”, “Erase an LBA Range’s Data”, and “Zeroize” service CO Password Generation: N/A Storage: Plaintext in Flash Memory and used in SRAM Zeroization: via “Initialization”, and “Zeroize” service User Password Generation: N/A Storage: Plaintext in Flash Memory and used in SRAM Zeroization: via “Initialization” service, and “Zeroize” service MEK Generation: SP 800-90A HASH_DRBG (SHA-256) As per SP 800-133 Section 6.1, key generation is performed as per the "Direct Generation: of Symmetric Keys" which is an Approved key generation method Key Type: AES-XTS 256 Storage: Plaintext in Flash Memory and used in SRAM Zeroization: via “Initialization”, “Lock an LBA Range”, “Erase an LBA Range’s Data” and “Zeroize” service Exhibit 8 – CSPs and details on Generation, Storage and Zeroization Methods. Note3: The values of V and C are the “secret values” of the internal state. NOTE4: In accordance with FIPS 140-2 IG D.12, the cryptographic module performs Cryptographic Key Generation (CKG) as per SP 800-133 (Vendor Affirmed). The resulting generated symmetric key is the unmodified output from SP 800-90A DRBG. Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 12 of 23 4.4. Public Security Parameters Public Keys Generation, Storage and Zeroization Methods FW Verification Key (RSA Public Key) Generation: N/A Key Type: RSA 2048-PSS Storage: Plaintext in Flash Memory and used in TCM Zeroization: N/A Exhibit 9 – Public Keys and details on Generation, Storage and Zeroization Methods Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 13 of 23 5. Physical Ports and Logical Interfaces Physical Port Logical Interface NVMe Connector Data Input/output Control Input Status Output Power Input Exhibit 10 – Specification of the Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series Cryptographic Module Physical Ports and Logical Interfaces. Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 14 of 23 6. Roles, Services and Authentication 6.1. Roles The following table defines the roles, type of authentication, and associated authenticated data types supported by the cryptographic module: Role Authentication Data CO Role Password User Role Password FW Loader RSA Exhibit 11 – Roles and Required Identification and Authentication 6.2. Authentication • Password Authentication The authentication mechanism allows a minimum 6-byte length or longer (32-byte) Password, where each byte can be any of 0x00 to 0xFF, for every Cryptographic Officer and User role supported by the module, which means a single random attempt can succeed with the probability of 1/248 or lower. To mitigate against brute force attacks, the module is configured with Try Limit and Persistence settings during manufacturing. TryLimit and Persistence settings cannot be changed in the field. TryLimit is defined as a counter, which keeps track of the number of unsuccessful authentication attempts before power-cycling the module to prevent against further attacks. The Persistence setting determines whether the TryLimit count persists through a power-cycle (i.e. Persistence enabled – TryLimit count continues regardless of power-cycle) or not (i.e. Persistence disabled – resets TryLimit back to default). Each Password authentication attempt takes at least 1ms and the number of attempts is limited to TryLimit, a parameter which is set to 5 in manufacturing. Since Persistence is disabled, TryLimit will be reset to its default value of 5 after a power-cycle. It would take a total of 5ms for every 5th authentication attempt. Since the module takes at least 4 seconds to be ready after power-on and 5 authentication failures require a power-cycle, it would take a total of 4005ms ((1ms * 5) + 4000ms) for every 5th authentication attempt. Therefore, the number of attempts possible in a minute period is limited to only 75 attempts ((60000ms == (1ms * 5 attempts + 4000ms) * 14 times + (1ms * 5 attempts) + 3925). Therefore, the probability of multiple random attempts to succeed in one minute is 75 / 248, which is much less than the FIPS 140-2 requirement 1/100,000. • RSA Signature Verification The authentication mechanism for FW Loader role is RSA PSS-2048 with SHA256 digital signature verification, which means a single random attempt, can succeed with the probability of 1/2112. Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 15 of 23 Each RSA Signature Verification authentication attempt takes at least 60ms. So the number of attempts for on minute cannot exceed 1000 ((60*1000)/60). Therefore, the probability of multiple random attempts to succeed in on minute is 1000/2112, Which is much less than the FIPS 140-2 requirement 1/100,000. Authentication Mechanism Strength of Mechanism Password (Min: 6 bytes, Max: 32 bytes) Authentication - Probability of 1/248 in a single random attempt - Probability of 75/248 in multiple random attempts in a minute RSA Signature Verification - Probability of 1/2112 in a single random attempt - Probability of 1000/2112 in multiple random attempts in a minute Exhibit 12 – Strengths of Authentication Mechanisms 6.3. Services 6.3.1. Authenticated Services The following table lists roles, services, cryptographic keys, CSPs and Public Keys and the types of access that are available to each of the authorized roles via the corresponding services: * Type(s) of Access indicated using “O” marker. * R: Read; W: Write; G: Generate; Z: Zeroize Role Service Cryptographic Keys, CSPs and Public Keys Security Function Type(s) of Access R W G Z Cryptographic Officer Initialization DRBG Internal State Hash_ DRBG (SHA-256) O O O DRBG Seed O O O DRBG Entropy Input String O O O CO Password O O MEK O O Drive Extended Status N/A N/A N/A Admin/User Authority Enable/Disable N/A N/A N/A Lock an LBA Range MEK N/A O Unlock an LBA Range MEK AES-XTS O Configure an LBA Range N/A N/A N/A Erase an LBA Range’s Data DRBG Internal State Hash_ DRBG (SHA-256) O O O DRBG Seed O O O DRBG Entropy Input String O O O Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 16 of 23 Exhibit 13 – Services Authorized for Roles, Access Rights within Services 6.3.2. Unauthenticated Services The following table lists the unauthenticated services: * Type(s) of Access indicated using “O” marker. * R: Read; W: Write; G: Generate; Z: Zeroize Unauthenticated Service Cryptographic Keys & CSPs Security Function Type(s) of Access R W G Z Zeroize DRBG Internal State Hash_DRBG (SHA-256) O DRBG Seed O DRBG Entropy Input String O CO Password O User Password O MEK O Get Random Number DRBG Internal State Hash_ DRBG (SHA-256) O O O DRBG Seed O O O DRBG Entropy Input String O O O IO Command N.A N/A N/A Get MSID N/A N/A N/A Show Status N/A N/A N/A Self-test N/A N/A N/A Exhibit 14 – Unauthenticated Service, Cryptographic Keys & CSPs and Type(s) of Access. MEK O O Change the Password. CO Password N/A O O User Unlock an LBA Range MEK AES-XTS O Set User Password User Password O Lock an LBA Range MEK N/A O Configure an LBA Range N/A N/A N/A FW Loader Update the firmware FW Verification Key RSA SigVer, SHA-256 O Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 17 of 23 7. Physical security policy The following physical security mechanisms are implemented in a cryptographic module: • The Module consists of production-grade components enclosed in an aluminum alloy enclosure, which is opaque within the visible spectrum. The top panel of the enclosure can be removed by unscrewing screws. However, the module is sealed with tamper-evident labels in accordance with FIPS 140-2 Level 2 Physical Security requirements so that tampering is easily detected when the top and bottom cases are detached. • 2 tamper-evident labels are applied over both top and bottom cases of the module at the factory. The tamper-evident labels are not removed and reapplied without tamper evidence. • The tamper-evident labels are applied by Samsung at Manufacturing. The following table summarizes the actions required by the Cryptographic Officer Role to ensure that physical security is maintained: Physical Security Mechanisms Recommended Frequency of Inspection/Test Inspection/Test Guidance Details Production grade cases As often as feasible Inspect the entire perimeter for cracks, gouges, lack of screw(s) and other signs of tampering. Remove from service if tampering found. Tamper-evident Sealing Labels Inspect the sealing labels for scratches, gouges, cuts and other signs of tampering. Remove from service if tampering found. Exhibit 15 – Inspection/Testing of Physical Security Mechanisms (FIPS 140-2 Table C5) Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 18 of 23 Exhibit 16 – Tamper Evident Label Placement Exhibit 17 – Example of Signs of Tamper NOTE 5: Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd has excluded the following components as per AS01.09: Items BOM Code Applicable to Hardware Version(s) Resistor Capacitor Capacitor Clock IC 2007-000972 2203-006885 2203-009659 1205-005956 MZWLJ1T9HBJR-000H9 MZWLJ3T8HBLS-000H9 MZWLJ7T6HALA-000H9 MZWLJ15THALA-000H9 MZWLJ1T9HBJR-00AH9 MZWLJ3T8HBLS-00AH9 MZWLJ7T6HALA-00AH9 MZWLJ15THALA-00AH9 The components do not process any CSPs, Plaintext data, or other information that if misused could lead to compromise. Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 19 of 23 8. Electromagnetic Interference/Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMI/EMC) The cryptographic module conforms to the EMI/EMC requirements specified by 47 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 15, Subpart B, Unintentional Radiators, Digital Devices, Class B. Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 20 of 23 9. Mitigation of Other Attacks Policy The cryptographic module has not been designed to mitigate any specific attacks beyond the scope of FIPS 140-2. Other Attacks Mitigation Mechanism Specific Limitations N/A N/A N/A Exhibit 18 - Mitigation of Other Attacks Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 21 of 23 10.Security rules The following specifies the security rules under which the cryptographic module shall operate in accordance with FIPS 140-2: • The cryptographic module operates always in FIPS Mode once shipped from the vendor's manufacturing site. • The steps necessary for the secure installation, initialization and start-up of the cryptographic module as per FIPS 140-2 VE10.03.01 are as follows: 10.1. Secure Installation • [Step1] User should examine the tamper evidence - Inspect the entire perimeter for cracks, gouges, lack of screw(s) and other signs of tampering including the tamper evident sealing label. - If there is any sign of tampering, do not use the product and contact Samsung. • [Step2] Identify the firmware version in the device - Confirm that the firmware version is equivalent to the version(s) listed in this document via NVM express Identify Controller command. • [Step3] Take the drive’s ownership - Disable Admin SP’s Admin1 authority - Change SID’s PIN by setting a new PIN - Activate the Locking SP by using the Activate method. - Change LockingSP Admin1~4’s PIN by setting a new PIN. - Configure the Locking Global Range by setting ReadLockEnabled and WriteLockEnabled columns to True. - Don’t change LockOnReset column in Locking Table so that the drive always gets locked after a power cycle • [Step4] Periodically examine the tamper evidence - If there is any sign of tampering, stop using the product to avoid a potential security hazard or information leakage. Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 22 of 23 10.2. Operational description of Module • The cryptographic module shall maintain logical separation of data input, data output, control input, status output, and power. • The cryptographic module shall not output CSPs in any form. • The cryptographic module shall use the Approved DRBG for generating all cryptographic keys. • The cryptographic module shall enforce role-based authentication for security relevant services. • The cryptographic module shall enforce a limited operational environment by the secure firmware load test using RSA PSS-2048 with SHA-256. • The cryptographic module shall provide a production-grade, opaque, and tamper-evident cryptographic boundary. • The Cryptographic module enters the error state upon failure of Self-tests. most commands except for supported command from the Host (General Purpose Computer (GPC) outside the cryptographic boundary) are rejected in the error state and the IO command returns Namespace Not Ready (SC=0x82, SCT=0x0), the other commands return Internal Error (SC=0x6, SCT=0x0) defined in NVMe specification via the status output. Cryptographic services and data output are explicitly inhibited when in the error state. When module fails FW Integrity checks performed by Mask ROM, the module will fail to boot; module will not service any requests or provide any status output (module hangs). • The cryptographic module satisfies the requirements of FIPS 140-2 IG A.9 (i.e. key_1 ≠ key_2) • The module generates at a minimum 256 bits of entropy for use in key generation. Samsung NVMe TCG Opal SSC SEDs PM1733 Series This non-proprietary Security Policy may only be copied in its entirety without alterations including this statement. Samsung copyright 2022 Page 23 of 23 10.3. Power-on Self-Tests Algorithm Test AES ECB Encrypt KAT and Decrypt KAT for AES-256-ECB at power-on AES XTS Encrypt KAT and Decrypt KAT for AES-256-XTS at power-on SHS KAT for SHA-256 at power-on RSA RSA PSS-2048 SHA-256 Signature Verification KAT at power-on DRBG KAT for Hash_DRBG (SHA-256) at power-on As described in the SP 800-90A Section 11.3 Health Test, Testing on the instantiate function, generate function, and reseed function Exhibit 19 – Power-on Self-tests. • F/W integrity check - F/W integrity check is performed by using 428-bit error detection at power-on - Firmware integrity check is also performed using RSA PSS-2048 SHA-256 signature verification at power-on • Conditional Self-tests - Pairwise consistency: N/A - Bypass Test: N/A - Manual key entry test: N/A - F/W load test : F/W load test is performed by using RSA algorithm with PSS-2048 and SHA-256 - Continuous random number generator test on Approved DRBG - Continuous random number generator test on NDRNG