The nForce module security policy
nForce 150 PCI, nForce 300 PCI
Date: 16 January 2004
Version: 1.0.22
© Copyright 2004 nCipher Corporation Limited, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Reproduction is authorised provided the document is copied in its entirety without modification and
including this copyright notice.
nCipher™, nForce™, nShield™, nCore™, KeySafe™, CipherTools™, CodeSafe™, SEE™ and the SEE
logo are trademarks of nCipher Corporation Limited.
nFast®
and the nCipher logo are registered trademarks of nCipher Corporation Limited.
All other trademarks are the property of the respective trademark holders.
nCipher Corporation Limited makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this information, including,
but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness to a particular purpose. nCipher
Corporation Limited shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential
damages concerned with the furnishing, performance or use of this material.
Patents
UK Patent GB9714757.3. Corresponding patents/applications in USA, Canada, South Africa, Japan and
International Patent Application PCT/GB98/00142.
nCipher
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Purpose
The nForce secure e-Commerce accelerator is a multi-tasking hardware module that
is optimized for performing modular arithmetic on very large integers. The nForce
module also offers a complete set of key management protocols.
The nForce modules: nForce 150 PCI, nForce 300 PCI are FIPS 140-1 level 2
embedded devices. The units are identical in operation and only vary in the
processing speed.
The units are identical in operation and only vary in the processing speed.
The module runs firmware provided by nCipher. There is the facility for the user to
upgrade this firmware. In order to determine that the module is running the correct
version of firmware they should use the NewEnquiry service which reports the
version of firmware currently loaded. The validated firmware versions are 1.71.15
and 1.71.91.
The nForce module connects to the host computer via a PCI bus. The nForce
module must be accessed by a custom written application. Full documentation for
the nCipher API can be downloaded from the nCipher web site: http://
www.ncipher.com.
The nForce module stores keys on the hard disk of the host computer in encrypted
form called key blobs.
The nForce module can be connected to a computer running one of the following
operating systems:
• Windows NT 4.0 for Intel
• Windows 2000
• Solaris
• HP-UX
• AIX
• Linux x86
• FreeBSD x86
Windows NT was used for the validation.
Roles
The nForce module defines the following roles:
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User
All users initially connect to the nForce module in the User role. In this role the user
can load previously created tokens and use these to load keys from key blobs. Once
they have loaded a key they can then use it to perform cryptographic operations as
defined by the Access Control List (ACL) stored with the key.
Each key blob contains an ACL that determines what services can be performed on
that key. This ACL can require a certificate from a Security Officer authorising the
action. Some actions including writing tokens always require a certificate.
nCipher Security Officer
The nCipher Security Officer (NSO) is responsible for overall security of the
module.
The nCipher Security Officer is identified by a key pair, referred to as KNSO. The
hash of the public half of this key is stored when the unit is initialised. Any
operation involving a module key or writing a token requires a certificate signed by
KNSO.
The nCipher Security Officer is responsible for creating authentication tokens
(smart cards) for each user. The security officer must establish the actual identity of
the user before they given them the authentication token.
Junior Security Officer
Where the nCipher Security Officer want to delegate responsibility for authorising
an action they can create a key pair and give this to their delegate who becomes a
Junior Security Officer (JSO). An ACL can then refer to this key, and the JSO is
then empowered to sign the certificate authorising the action. The JSO’s keys
should be stored on a key blob protected by a token that is not used for any other
purpose. In order to assume the role of JSO the user loads the JSO key.
A Junior Security Officer can delegate portions of their authority in the same way.
Services available to each role
The following table lists the services available to a user in each role and for each
service list the additional authorisation required to perform this service.
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Non Cryptographic services
The following services do not provide cryptographic functionality.
• Enquiry
• Modular exponentiation
• Exponentiation using CRT
• Random number
• Random prime
• Get slot list
• Get slot information
• Load logical token
• Format token
• Insert software token
• Remove software token
• Get module key list
• Get module signature key
• Fail
• Clear unit
• New client
• Existing client
• Which module
• Merge keys
• Statistics Enumerate Tree
• Statistic Get Values
• Pause For Notifications
• Bignum Operations
• Hash
The Random number and Random prime functions are not used in key generation.
They are only used if an external application requires a random number or prime
number.
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Self test
The self test service is performed automatically when the module is switched on and
whenever it is reset by pressing the clear button on the front panel.
FIPS 140-1 services
The following services provide cryptographic functionality:
Cryptographic services available in each role.
Command/Service Role
Unauth User JSO NSO
Change share PIN - pass phrase pass phrase pass phrase
Channel Open - handle, ACL handle, ACL handle, ACL
Channel Update - channel ID channel ID channel ID
Decrypt - handle, ACL handle, ACL handle, ACL
Delete share - cert cert yes
Delete token data - cert cert yes
Derive Key - handle, ACL handle, ACL handle, ACL
Destroy - handle, ACL handle, ACL handle, ACL
Duplicate key - handle, ACL handle, ACL handle, ACL
Encrypt - handle, ACL handle, ACL handle, ACL
Export key - handle, ACL handle, ACL handle, ACL
Generate key/Generate key pair - level 3 test level 3 test level 3 test
Generate logical token - cert cert yes
Get ACL - handle, ACL handle, ACL handle, ACL
Get application information - handle, ACL handle, ACL handle, ACL
Get key information - handle, ACL handle, ACL handle, ACL
Import key - level 3 test level 3 test level 3 test
Initialise unit nFast, init nFast, init nFast, init nFast, init
Load as module key - cert cert yes
Load blob - token or key token or key token or key
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Make key blob - handle, ACL handle, ACL handle, ACL
Read share - pass phrase pass phrase pass phrase
Read token data - cert cert yes
Remove module key - cert cert yes
Set application information - handle, ACL handle, ACL handle, ACL
Set Security Officer nFast, init nFast, init nFast, init nFast, init
Sign - handle, ACL handle, ACL handle, ACL
Verify - handle, ACL handle, ACL handle, ACL
Write share - cert cert yes
Write token data cert cert yes
Authorisation required for each service
Code Description
- The user can not perform this service in this role.
yes The user can perform this service in this role without further authorisation.
handle The user can perform this service if they possess a valid handle for the key.
The handle is an arbitrary number generated when the key is loaded.
The handle for an object is specific to the user that created the object. There
are services which allow a user to pass an ID for an object they have created
to another user or SEEWorld.
ACL The user can only perform this service with a key if the ACL for the key
permits this service. The ACL may require that the user present a certificate
signed by a Security Officer.
token or key A user can only load a key blob if they have previously loaded the token or key
used to encrypt the blob.
pass phrase A user can only load a share, or change the share PIN, if they possess the pass
phrase used to encrypt the share. The module key with which the Pass Phrase
was combined must also be present.
Cryptographic services available in each role.
Command/Service Role
Unauth User JSO NSO
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Services
For more information on each of these services refer to the nCipher Developer’s
Guide and nCipher Developer’s Reference.
cert A user can only perform this service in this role if they are in possession of a
certificate from the nCipher Security Officer. This certificate can be tied to a
specific key, and hence to a specific smart card.
nFast A user can only perform this service is they are logged into the host computer
as the user nFast.
init Initialising a unit requires physical access to the unit. It destroys all stored
keys. Once you have initialised a unit you must define a new nCipher Security
Officer before the unit will enter the operational state.
Channel ID The ChannelUpdate command requires a ChannelID returned by
ChannelOpen. The ChannelID must be presented by the user to whom it was
issued.
level 3 test The module can beinitialised to comply with FIPS 140-1 level 3 roles and
services and key management by setting the fIPS_level3_compliance flag.
If this flag is set:
the Generate Key, Generate Key Pair and Import commands require
authorisation with a certificate signed by the nCipher Security Officer.
the Import command fails if you attempt to import a key of a type that can be
used to Sign or Decrypt messages.
the Generate Key, Generate Key Pair, Import and Derive Key operations will
not allow you to create an ACL for a secret key that allows the key to be
exported in plain text.
Authorisation required for each service
Code Description
Description of each service
Service Description
Bignum Operations Performs simple arithmetic on big numbers
Change share PIN Updates the pass phrase used to encrypt a token share.
The pass phrase supplied by the user is not used directly, it is
first hashed and then combined with the module key.
Channel Open Opens a communication channel which can be used for bulk
encryption.
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Channel Update performs encryption on a previously opened channel.
Clear unit Resets the unit removing all temporary keys, but not module
keys. Performs power-up self-tests.
Decrypt Decrypts a cipher text with a stored key returning the plain text.
Delete share Removes a share from a smart card or software token.
Delete token data Removes a file, but not a logical token, from a smart card or
software token.
Derive Key Creates a new key object from a variable number of other keys
already stored on the module and returns a KeyId for the new
key.
Destroy Removes a key
Duplicate key Creates a second instance of a key with the same ACL and
returns a handle to the new instance.
Encrypt Encrypts a plain text with a stored key returning the cipher text.
Enquiry Returns status information about the module
Existing client Starts a new connection as an existing client.
Exponentiation using CRT Returns AD
MOD PQ given A, D, P and Q
Export key Exports a key in plain text. If the unit has been initialised to
comply with FIPS 140-1 level 3 roles and services and key
management, this service is only available for public keys.
Fail Causes the unit to enter the error state, for test purposes.
Format token Formats a software token ready for use.
Generate key Generates a symmetric key of a given type with a specified ACL
and returns a handle. Optionally returns a certificate containing
the ACL.
Generate key pair Generates a key pair of a given type with specified ACLs for
each half or the pair. Performs a pairwise consistency check on
the key pair. Returns two key handles. Optionally returns
certificates containing the ACL
Generate logical token Creates a new logical token.
Get ACL Returns the ACL for a given KeyID.
Get application information Returns the application information stored with a key.
Description of each service
Service Description
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Get key information Returns the hash of a key for use in ACLs
Get module key list Returns a list of the hash of the module keys.
Get module signature key Returns the handle of the public half of the modules signing key.
Get slot information Returns information about the token shares stored on the token
in a specified slot.
Get slot list Returns a list of slots present in the module,
Hash This command hashes a message
Import key Loads a key and ACL from the host and returns a handle. If the
unit has been initialised to comply with FIPS 140-1 level 3 roles
and services and key management, this service is only available
for public keys.
Initialise Puts the unit into the initialisation state, clearing all stored keys.
Requires physical access to the unit.
Insert software token Loads a software token from the host disk and ‘inserts’ it into a
slot.
Load as module key Loads a key as a module key.
Load blob Loads a key that has been stored in a key blob. The user must
first have loaded the token or key used to encrypt the blob.
Load logical token Allocates space for a new logical token
Make key blob Creates a key blob containing the key and returns it.
Merge keys Where one key is loaded on several modules with different
handles, returns a new handle that can be used to refer to any of
these handles.
Modular exponentiation Returns AP
MODN given A P and N
New client Returns a client id.
Pause For Notifications This is a command which merely waits for a certain period of
time before returning which the unit can use to return
asynchronous notifications.
Random number Generate a random number
Random prime Generates a random number that passes Rabin Millar primality
test.
Description of each service
Service Description
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Keys
For each type of key used by the nForce module, the following section describes the
access that a user has to the keys.
The nForce module refers to keys by their handle, an arbitrary number, or by its
SHA-1 hash.
Module signing key - private half
This key is used to sign certificates created by module. The user has no access to
this key in any role.
Read share Reads a share from a token. Once sufficient shares have been
loaded recreates token
Read token data Reads a file, but not a logical token, to a smart card or software
token.
Remove module key Removes a loaded module key.
Remove software token Removes a software token from an emulated slot and writes it
to the host disk.
Set application information Stores information with a key.
Set Security Officer Loads a key hash as the Security Officer’s Key. This can only
be performed while the unit is in the initialisation state.
Sign Returns the digital signature of plain text using a stored key.
Statistic Get Values Gather statistics from the whole of the nCipher system. These
statistics do not reveal any cryptographic information.
Statistics Enumerate Tree Lists the statistics that can be returned.
Verify Verifies a digital signature using a stored key.
Which module Returns the list of modules on which a key is loaded.
Write share Writes a new share to a smart card or software token. The
number of shares that can be created is specified when the token
is created. All shares must be written before the token is
destroyed.
Write token data Writes a file, but not a logical token, to a smart card or software
token.
Description of each service
Service Description
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Module signing key - public half
This key is used to verifying certificates created by module. Users can export this
in plain text in any role.
Module Key
These keys are used for encrypting tokens. Any user may export a list of SHA-1
hashes of the module keys to determine whether a required key is present. The
nCipher Security Officer can load keys as module keys and remove module keys.
The Security Officer can export the key in an encrypted form for archival before it
is loaded as a module key.
Security Officer’s key - private half
This key is used to sign certificates authorising other users to perform tasks. The
nCipher Security Officer can output this key as a key blob. No other user can access
this key.
Security Officer’s key - public half
This key is used to verify certificates. The nCipher Security Officer can export this
as a key blob or in plain text. The key is in plain text in certificates so other users
who are given a certificate may see this key.
Token
Tokens are never output in plain text. Any user can retrieve a list of SHA-1 hashes
of the tokens they have loaded. They have no access to tokens loaded by other users.
Tokens are exported as encrypted shares. The nCipher Security Officer can create
tokens under any module key. Junior Security Officer’s can create tokens if they
have a certificate from the nCipher Security Officer. This certificate can restrict the
module keys under which the JSO can create keys.
Working keys
Keys used for encryption, decryption, applying and verifying signatures are stored
in key blobs. A user can access a key only if they possess the key blob and can load
the token under which the blob was encrypted. The blob contains an ACL that lists
the services that can be performed with the key.
An ACL can require a certificate authorising a service. The keys used to sign these
certificates are themselves stored in key blobs. The Security Officer loads these
keys in the same way as any other key.
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Users can normally only access keys that they have loaded; they cannot access keys
loaded by other users. However, a user may pass a key to another user - or to a SEE
World - using the ticketing mechanism. The GetTicket mechanism takes a key
identifier and returns a ticket. This ticket refers to the key identifier - it does not
include any key data. A ticket can be passed as a byte block to the other user who
can then use the RedeemTicket service to obtain a key identifier for the same object
that is valid for their session. As the new identifier refers to the same object the
second user is still bound by the original ACL.
Rules
Identification and authentication
All communication with the nForce module is performed via a server program
running on the host machine, using standard inter process communication, using
sockets in UNIX operating system, named pipes under Windows NT.
In order to use the module the user must first log on to the host computer and start
an nCipher enabled application. The application connects to the nCipher server, this
connection is given a client ID, a 120-bit arbitrary number.
Before performing any service the user must present the correct authorization, as
listed in the table Authorisation required for each service on page 5. Where several
stages are required to assemble the authorization, all the steps must be performed
on the same connection.
Access Control
Keys are stored on the host computer’s hard disk in an encrypted format, known as
a key blob. In order to load a key the user must first load the token used to encrypt
this blob.
Tokens can be divided into shares. Each share can be stored on a smart card or
software token on the computer’s hard disk. These shares are further protected by
encryption with a pass phrase and a module key. Therefore a user can only load a
key if they possess the physical smart cards containing sufficient shares in the
token, the required pass phrases and the module key are loaded in the module.
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Module keys are stored in EEPROM in the module. They can only be loaded or
removed by the nCipher Security Officer, who is identified by a public key pair
created when the module is initialised. It is not possible to change the Security
Officer’s key without reinitialising the module, which clears all the module keys,
thus preventing access to all other keys.
The key blob also contains an Access Control List that specifies which services can
be performed with this key, and the number of times these services can be
performed. These can be hard limits or per authorisation limits. If a hard limit is
reached that service can no longer be performed on that key. If a per-authorisation
limit is reached the user must reauthorise the key by reloading the token.
All objects are referred to by handle. Handles are cross-referenced to client IDs. If
a command refers to a handle that was issued to a different client, the command is
refused. Services exist to pass a handle between clientIDs.
Object re-use
All objects stored in the module are referred to by a handle. The module’s memory
management functions ensure that a specific memory location can only be allocated
to a single handle. The handle also identifies the object type, and all of the modules
enforce strict type checking. When a handle is released the memory allocated to it
is actively zeroed.
Error conditions
If the nForce module cannot complete a command due to a temporary condition, the
module returns a command block with no data and with the status word set to the
appropriate value. The user can resubmit the command at a later time. The server
program can record a log of all such failures.
If the nForce module encounters an unrecoverable error it enters the error state. This
is indicated by the status LED flashing in the Morse pattern SOS. As soon as the
unit enters the error state all processors stop processing commands and no further
replies are returned. In the error state the unit does not respond to commands. The
unit must be reset.
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Physical security
Security Boundary
The security boundary is the PCB.
The following items are excluded from FIPS 140-1 validation as they are not
security relevant.
• jumper block
• PCI connector
All components within the security boundary are covered by epoxy resin.
To comply with FIPS 140-1 level 3 roles and services and key management
The nCipher enabled application must perform the following services, for more
information refer to the nCipher Security Officer’s Guide and Technical Reference
Manual.
To initialise a module
1 Fit the initialisation link and restart the module
2 Use the Initialise command to enter the Initialisation state.
3 Generate a key pair to use a Security Officer’s key.
4 Generate a logical token to use to protect the Security Officer’s key.
5 Write one or more shares of this token onto software tokens.
6 Export the private half of the Security Officer’s key as a key blob under this token.
7 Export the public half of the Security Officer’s key as plain text.
All security relevant components of the nForce module are covered by epoxy
resin.
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8 Use the Set Security Officer service to set the Security Officer’s key and the
operational policy of the module. In order to comply with FIPS 140-1 level 3 roles
and services you must set at least the following flags:
• NSOPerms_ops_ReadFile
• NSOPerms_ops_WriteFile
• NSOPerms_ops_EraseShare
• NSOPerms_ops_EraseFile
• NSOPerms_ops_FormatToken
• NSOPerms_ops_GenerateLogToken
• NSOPerms_ops_SetKM
• NSOPerms_ops_RemoveKM
• NSOPerms_ops_StrictFIPS140
9 Keep the tokens and key blobs safe.
10 You can create extra module keys in order to distinguish groups of users.
11 You may want to create working keys and user authorisation at this stage.
12 Remove the initialisation link and restart the module.
To create a new user
1 Create a logical token.
2 Write one or more shares of this token onto software tokens.
3 For each key the user will require, export the key as a key blob under this token.
4 Give the user any pass phrases used and the key blob.
To authorise the user to create keys
1 Create a new key, with an ACL that only permits UseAsSigningKey. This action
may need to be authenticated.
2 Export this key as a key blob under the users token.
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3 Create a certificate signed by the nCipher Security Officer’s key that:
• includes the hash of this key as the certifier
• authorises the action GenerateKey or GenerateKeyPair depending on the type of
key required.
• if the user needs to store the keys, enables the action MakeBlob, limited to their
token.
4 Give the user the key blob and certificate.
To authorise a user to act as a Junior Security Officer
1 Generate a logical token to use to protect the Junior Security Officer’s key.
2 Write one or more shares of this token onto software tokens
3 Create a new key pair,
• Give the private half an ACL that permits Sign and UseAsSigningKey.
• Give the public half an ACL that permits ExportAsPlainText
4 Export the private half of the Junior Security Officer’s key as a key blob under this
token.
5 Export the public half of the Junior Security Officer’s key as plain text.
• Create a certificate signed by the nCipher Security officer’s key includes the hash
of this key as the certifier
• authorises the actions GenerateKey, GenerateKeyPair
• authorises the actions GenerateLogicalToken, WriteShare and MakeBlob, these
may be limited to a particular module key.
6 Give the Junior Security Officer the software token, any pass phrases used, the key
blob and certificate.
To authenticate a user to use a stored key
1 Use the LoadLogicalToken service to create the space for a logical token.
2 Use the ReadShare service to read each share from the software token.
3 Use the LoadBlob service to load the key from the key blob.
4 The user can now perform the services specified in the ACL for this key.
Note To assume Security Officer role load the Security Officer’s key using this procedure. The
Security Officer’s key can then be used in certificates authorising further operations.
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To authenticate a user to create a new key
1 If you have not already loaded your user token, load it as above.
2 Use the LoadBlob service to load the authorisation key from the key blob.
3 Use the KeyId returned to build a signing key certificate.
4 Present this certificate with the certificate supplied by the security officer with the
GenerateKey, GenerateKeyPair or MakeBlob command.
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Algorithms
nForce modules support the following algorithms:
FIPS approved algorithms:
Non-FIPS approved algorithms
CAST 5
Rijndael
Arc Four (compatible with RC4)
El Gamal
Diffie-Helman
MD5
MD2
RIPEMD 160
HMAC (MD2, MD5, SHA-1, SHA-192, SHA-256, RIPEMD160)
XOR (used in some key derivation mechanisms).
DES Certificate #24
DES MAC Compliant with FIPS 113
Verified implementation functions:
genblk_signbegin,genblk_verifybegin, genblk_macdata,
genblk_signend,genblk_verifyend.
Triple DES Certificate #34
Double and triple length keys
Approved for Federal Government Use - Modes are CBC and ECB
Triple DES
MAC
Compliant with FIPS 113
Verified implementation functions:
genblk_signbegin,genblk_verifybegin, genblk_macdata,
genblk_signend,genblk_verifyend
DSA/SHA-1 Certificate #11
RSA Vendor Affirmed