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© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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FIPS 140-2 Security Policy for
Cisco Aironet LWAPP AP1131AG,
Cisco Aironet LWAPP AP1231G,
Cisco Aironet LWAPP AP1232AG, and
Cisco Aironet LWAPP AP1242AG
Wireless Access Points
Level 2 Validation
Version 1.2
January 17, 2006
This security policy contains these sections:
• Overview, page 2
• Secure Configuration, page 3
• Physical Security Policy, page 4
• Roles, Services, and Authentication, page 8
• Cryptographic Key Management, page 10
• Disallowed Security Functions, page 11
• Obtaining Documentation, page 12
• Documentation Feedback, page 13
• Cisco Product Security Overview, page 13
• Obtaining Technical Assistance, page 14
• Obtaining Additional Publications and Information, page 16
This document may be freely distributed.
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Overview
Overview
The Cisco Aironet Lightweight AP1131AG, AP1231G, AP1232AG, and AP1242AG (herein
collectively called the modules) are wireless access points that support the IEEE 802.11a/b/g wi-fi
standards for wireless LAN communications, and the IEEE 802.11i standard for wireless LAN security.
They are a multiple-chip standalone cryptographic modules, compliant with all requirements of FIPS
140-2 Level 2.
In the FIPS mode of operations, the modules support the Lightweight Access Point Protocol (LWAPP).
LWAPP, together with X.509 certificates, authenticates the module as a trusted node on the wired
network. All wired network communications for control and bridging traffic are protected with AES
encryption. The modules secure all wireless communications with Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2).
WPA2 is the approved Wi-Fi Alliance interoperable implementation of the IEEE 802.11i security
standard. The modules use the following cryptographic algorithm implementations:
• AES
• AES-CCM
• SHA-1
• HMAC SHA-1
• X9.31 Random Number Generator
• RSA
This document details the security policy for the lightweight AP1131AG, AP1231G, AP1232AG, and
AP1242AG cryptographic modules.
The evaluated platforms are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 Evaluated Platforms
Model Firmware Version Hardware Revision
AP1131AG 3.2.116.21 C0
AP1231G 3.2.116.21 A0
AP1232AG 3.2.116.21 A0
AP1242AG 3.2.116.21 A0
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Secure Configuration
Secure Configuration
This section details the steps used to securely configure the modules to operate in FIPS 140-2 mode of
operations. The administrator configures the modules from the wireless LAN controller with which the
access point is associated. The wireless LAN controller shall be placed in FIPS 140-2 mode of operations
prior to secure configuration of the access points. The Crypto Officer must ensure that the PC that is
used for configuring the wireless LAN controller is a stand-alone or non-networked PC.
Follow these steps to prepare the secure configuration for the wireless LAN controller:
Enable FIPS Mode of Operations
The following controller CLI command places the controller in FIPS mode of operations, enabling all
necessary self tests and algorithm restrictions:
> config switchconfig fips-prerequisite enable
Disable Boot Break
The following controller CLI command prevents breaking out of the boot process. It must be executed
after enabling FIPS mode of operations.
> config switchconfig boot-break disable
Configure RADIUS KeyWrap KEK and MACK Keys
The following controller CLI commands configure the RADIUS secret and AES-key wrap KEK and
MACK:
> config radius auth add index ip-address port hex secret
> config radius auth keywrap add hex kek mack index
> config radius auth keywrap enable
Configure Ciphersuites for 802.11i
The following controller CLI commands create a wireless LAN, configure it to use WPA2, associate it
with a RADIUS server, and enable it:
> config wlan create index ssid
> config wlan security 802.1x disable index
> config wlan security wpa2 enable index
> config wlan radius_server auth add index radius-server-index
> config wlan enable index
Configure Pre-shared Keys for 802.11i
WPA2 Pre-shared key (WPA2-PSK) is an optional mode permitted by this security policy. Generation
of pre-shared keys is outside the scope of this security policy, but they should be entered as 64
hexadecimal values (256 bits) by the following CLI command:
>config wlan security wpa2 pre-shared-key enable <wlan id> hex <key>
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Physical Security Policy
Set Primary Controller
Enter the following controller CLI command from a wireless LAN controller with which the access point
is associated to configure the access point to communicate with trusted wireless LAN controllers
operating in FIPS mode.
> config ap primary-base controller-name access-point
Enter this command once for each trusted controller. Enter show ap summary to find the access point
name. Enter show sysinfo to find the name of a controller.
Save and Reboot
After executing the above commands, you must save the configuration and reboot the system:
> save config
> reset system
Physical Security Policy
For the AP1131AG, place tamper evident labels over the bottom panel and over the top cover as shown
in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Placement of Tamper-evident Labels for the AP1131AG
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Physical Security Policy
For the AP1231G, put tamper evident labels over the bottom panel on each of the screws, over the reset
button, over the console port and over the panel on the bottom of the module as shown in Figure 2, and
place tamper evident labels over the plate on the back of the module as shown in Figure 3. Note that a
cap is placed over the reset button in order to prevent it from being pressed. The tamper evident label
can be punched so the cap protrudes through it (as pictured) or the cap can be placed entirely underneath
the label.
Figure 2 Placement of Tamper-evident Labels on the AP1231G (front view)
Figure 3 Placement of Tamper-evident Labels on the AP1231G (rear view)
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Physical Security Policy
For the AP1232AG, put tamper evident labels over the console port and the reset button as shown in
Figure 4, and over the bottom panel on each of the screws, and over the panel on the bottom of the
module. Also, place a tamper evident label from the back of the module to the side of the radio card, as
shown in Figure 5. Note that a cap is placed over the reset button in order to prevent it from being
pressed. The tamper evident label can be punched so the cap protrudes through it (as pictured) or the cap
can be placed entirely underneath the label.
Figure 4 Placement of Tamper-evident Labels on the AP1232AG (front view)
Figure 5 Placement of Tamper-evident Labels on the AP1232AG (rear view)
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Physical Security Policy
For the AP1242AG, put tamper evident labels over the removable top cover, over the mode button, and
over the console port as shown in Figure 6and Figure 7.
Figure 6 Placement of Tamper-evident Labels for the AP1242AG (Underside of Cover)
Figure 7 Placement of Tamper-evident Labels for the AP1242AG (Front View)
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Roles, Services, and Authentication
Roles, Services, and Authentication
This section describes the roles, services, and authentication used by the modules..
Roles
The module supports the roles of Crypto Officer and User. The CO role is fulfilled by the wireless LAN
controllers on the network that the module communicates with, and performs routine management and
configuration services, including loading session keys and zeroization of the module. The User role is
fulfilled by wireless clients. The module does not support a maintenance role.
Services
The services provided are summarized in Table 2.
The modules do not support a bypass capability in the approved mode of operations.
Table 2 Module Services
Service Role Purpose
Self Test and
Initialization
CO Cryptographic algorithm tests, software
integrity tests, module initialization.
Note Module initialization can be obtained
either by the CO resetting the access
point remotely or by someone with
physical access to the module
manually cycling the power.
System Status Any The LEDs show the network activity and
overall operational status.
Key Management CO Key and parameter entry, key output, key
zeroization.
Module Configuration CO Selection of non-cryptographic configuration
settings.
LWAPP CO Establishment and subsequent data transfer of
an LWAPP session for use between the
module and the CO.
802.11i User, CO Establishment and subsequent data transfer of
an 802.11i session for use between the client
and the access point.
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Roles, Services, and Authentication
The meaning of the LED indicators on the AP1131AG are summarized in Table 3.
The AP1231G and AP1232AG modules have three top panel LEDs that indicate the Ethernet activity,
radio activity, and system operational status, and a pair of LEDs on the Ethernet interface that indicates
Ethernet activity and line protocol status. Any LEDs blinking yellow or red indicate a warning or error
condition.
The AP1242AG module has three LEDs that indicate the Ethernet status, radio status and system
operational status. Any LEDs blinking yellow or red indicate a warning or error condition.
Crypto Officer Authentication
The modules authenticate to a wireless LAN controller through the LWAPP protocol, using an RSA key
pair with 1536 bit modulus. NIST SP 800-57 defines this modulus size as having effective symmetric
key strength of 96 bits.
User Authentication
Users are authenticated either by EAP-TLS or by the 802.11i Pre-shared Key (PSK) when WPA2-PSK
is used. EAP-TLS authentication uses RSA key pairs and certificates. The RSA key pair for the
EAP-TLS credentials has modulus size of 1024 bit to 2048 bit, providing between 80 bits and 112 bits
of strength. The PSK used to authenticate clients is 128 bits. In both of these modes, the controller
authenticates the user and informs the AP via the LWAPP control channel.
Table 3 LED Status Indicators on the AP1131AG
Sequence Color Pattern Status
Power Up Off DRAM test in progress
Green DRAM test OK
Off Board init in progress
Light Blue Init flash file system
Pink Flash test OK
White Init Ethernet
Blue Ethernet OK
Green Boot software
Off Init OK
Power Up
Error
Indicators
Yellow Ethernet link down, Ethernet failure,
Configuration recovery
Pink Image recovery
Blink Pink/Off Image recovery in progress
Ongoing Status Pale Green Normal with no clients associated
Blue Normal with client(s) associated
Deep Blue Software upgrade in progress
Orange Software failure or error condition
Blink Green/Off User set location
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Cryptographic Key Management
Cryptographic Key Management
Cryptographic keys are stored in flash and in SDRAM for active keys.
No keys are generated in the module. All keys are input into the module from the controller over an
LWAPP session. During an LWAPP session, the APs first authenticate to the Wireless LAN controller
using an RSA key pair. After a successful authentication, the LWAPP session key generated in the
controller is transported from the controller to the module wrapped with AP’s RSA key. The GTK and
TK are input into the module encrypted with the LWAPP session key over an LWAPP session. The GTK
and TK are the 802.11i session keys and are used by the module to encrypt 802.11i traffic. The module
does not output any plain text cryptographic keys.
Table 4 lists the secret and private cryptographic keys and CSPs used by the modules. Table 5 lists the
public keys used by the modules. Table 6 lists the access to the keys by services.
Table 4 Secret and Private Cryptographic Keys and CSPs
Name Algorithm Storage Description and Zeroization
PRNG seed key X9.31 SDRAM This is the seed key for the PRNG. It is zeroized
during the zeroization procedure.
PRNG seed X9.31 SDRAM This is the seed for the PRNG. It is zeroized
during the zeroization procedure.
cscoIdCert key RSA Flash This is the AP’s RSA private key. It is zeroized
during the zeroization procedure.
LWAPP
Session Key
AES-CCM SDRAM The session key used to authentication and
encrypt LWAPP traffic. It is zeroized during the
zeroization procedure.1
1. RSA key wrapping provides 96 bits of effective symmetric key strength.
802.11i
Temporal Key
(TK)
AES-CCM SDRAM The TK, also known as the CCMP key, is the
802.11i session key for unicast communications.
It is zeroized during the zeroization procedure.
802.11i Group
Temporal Key
(GTK)
AES-CCM SDRAM The GTK is the 802.11i session key for
broadcast communications. It is zeroized during
the zeroization procedure.
WPA2 PSK 802.11i SDRAM The PSK is a preshared key used to derive the
TK and GTK. It is zeroized during the
zeroization procedure.
Table 5 Public Keys
Name Algorithm Storage Description and Zeroization
bsnOldDefaultCaCert RSA Flash Verification certificate, used
with LWAPP to authenticate the
controller. It is zeroized during
the zeroization procedure.
bsnDefaultRootCaCert RSA Flash Verification certificate, not used
in FIPS mode of operations. It is
zeroized during the zeroization
procedure.
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Disallowed Security Functions
Key Zeroization
All keys in the modules may be zeroized by entering this command on the controller to which the access
point is associated:
> config switchconfig key-zeroize ap ap-name
Disallowed Security Functions
These cryptographic algorithms are not approved, and may not be used in FIPS mode of operations:
• RC4
bsnDefaultCaCert RSA Flash Verification certificate, not used
in FIPS mode of operations. It is
zeroized during the zeroization
procedure.
cscoDefaultNewRootCaCert RSA Flash Verification certificate, not used
in FIPS mode of operations. It is
zeroized during the zeroization
procedure.
cscoDefaultMfgCaCert RSA Flash Verification certificate, not used
in FIPS mode of operations. It is
zeroized during the zeroization
procedure.
cscoIdCert RSA Flash This is the AP’s RSA public
key.
Table 6 Key/CSP Access by Service
Service Key Access
Self Test and Initialization • Initializes PRNG Seed
System Status • None
Key Management • Zeroize cscoIdCert
Module Configuration • None
LWAPP • Authenticate to controller using cscoIdCert Private Key
• Authenticate controller using bsnOldDefaultCaCert
• Establish LWAPP Session Key and then encrypt/decrypt LWAPP
control traffic with Session Key
• Encrypted TK and GTK entry from controller for 802.11i service
802.11i • Encrypt/decrypt using TK, GTK
Table 5 Public Keys (continued)
Name Algorithm Storage Description and Zeroization
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Self Tests
• MD5
• HMAC MD5
Self Tests
The following self tests are performed by the module:
• Firmware integrity test
• Power on self test of AES, AES-CCM, SHA-1, HMAC SHA-1, RNG and RSA algorithms
• Continuous random number generator test for Approved and non-Approved RNGs
Obtaining Documentation
Cisco documentation and additional literature are available on Cisco.com. Cisco also provides several
ways to obtain technical assistance and other technical resources. These sections explain how to obtain
technical information from Cisco Systems.
Cisco.com
You can access the most current Cisco documentation at this URL:
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You can access the Cisco website at this URL:
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You can access international Cisco websites at this URL:
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Product Documentation DVD
Cisco documentation and additional literature are available in the Product Documentation DVD
package, which may have shipped with your product. The Product Documentation DVD is updated
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The Product Documentation DVD is a comprehensive library of technical product documentation on
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With the DVD, you have access to the same documentation that is found on the Cisco website without
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The Product Documentation DVD is available as a single unit or as a subscription. Registered Cisco.com
users (Cisco direct customers) can order a Product Documentation DVD (product number
DOC-DOCDVD=) from Cisco Marketplace at this URL:
http://www.cisco.com/go/marketplace/
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Documentation Feedback
Ordering Documentation
Beginning June 30, 2005, registered Cisco.com users may order Cisco documentation at the Product
Documentation Store in the Cisco Marketplace at this URL:
http://www.cisco.com/go/marketplace/
Nonregistered Cisco.com users can order technical documentation from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
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tech-doc-store-mkpl@external.cisco.com or by fax at 1 408 519-5001 in the United States and Canada,
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You can rate and provide feedback about Cisco technical documents by completing the online feedback
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We appreciate your comments.
Cisco Product Security Overview
Cisco provides a free online Security Vulnerability Policy portal at this URL:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/products_security_vulnerability_policy.html
From this site, you can perform these tasks:
• Report security vulnerabilities in Cisco products.
• Obtain assistance with security incidents that involve Cisco products.
• Register to receive security information from Cisco.
A current list of security advisories and notices for Cisco products is available at this URL:
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If you prefer to see advisories and notices as they are updated in real time, you can access a Product
Security Incident Response Team Really Simple Syndication (PSIRT RSS) feed from this URL:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/products_psirt_rss_feed.html
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Obtaining Technical Assistance
Reporting Security Problems in Cisco Products
Cisco is committed to delivering secure products. We test our products internally before we release
them, and we strive to correct all vulnerabilities quickly. If you think that you might have identified a
vulnerability in a Cisco product, contact PSIRT:
• Emergencies—security-alert@cisco.com
An emergency is either a condition in which a system is under active attack or a condition for which
a severe and urgent security vulnerability should be reported. All other conditions are considered
nonemergencies.
• Nonemergencies—psirt@cisco.com
In an emergency, you can also reach PSIRT by telephone:
• 1 877 228-7302
• 1 408 525-6532
Tip We encourage you to use Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) or a compatible product to encrypt any sensitive
information that you send to Cisco. PSIRT can work from encrypted information that is compatible with
PGP versions 2.x through 8.x.
Never use a revoked or an expired encryption key. The correct public key to use in your correspondence
with PSIRT is the one linked in the Contact Summary section of the Security Vulnerability Policy page
at this URL:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/products_security_vulnerability_policy.html
The link on this page has the current PGP key ID in use.
Obtaining Technical Assistance
Cisco Technical Support provides 24-hour-a-day award-winning technical assistance. The Cisco
Technical Support & Documentation website on Cisco.com features extensive online support resources.
In addition, if you have a valid Cisco service contract, Cisco Technical Assistance Center (TAC)
engineers provide telephone support. If you do not have a valid Cisco service contract, contact your
reseller.
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The Cisco Technical Support & Documentation website provides online documents and tools for
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Access to all tools on the Cisco Technical Support & Documentation website requires a Cisco.com user
ID and password. If you have a valid service contract but do not have a user ID or password, you can
register at this URL:
http://tools.cisco.com/RPF/register/register.do
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Obtaining Technical Assistance
Note Use the Cisco Product Identification (CPI) tool to locate your product serial number before submitting
a web or phone request for service. You can access the CPI tool from the Cisco Technical Support &
Documentation website by clicking the Tools & Resources link under Documentation & Tools. Choose
Cisco Product Identification Tool from the Alphabetical Index drop-down list, or click the Cisco
Product Identification Tool link under Alerts & RMAs. The CPI tool offers three search options: by
product ID or model name; by tree view; or for certain products, by copying and pasting show command
output. Search results show an illustration of your product with the serial number label location
highlighted. Locate the serial number label on your product and record the information before placing a
service call.
Submitting a Service Request
Using the online TAC Service Request Tool is the fastest way to open S3 and S4 service requests. (S3
and S4 service requests are those in which your network is minimally impaired or for which you require
product information.) After you describe your situation, the TAC Service Request Tool provides
recommended solutions. If your issue is not resolved using the recommended resources, your service
request is assigned to a Cisco engineer. The TAC Service Request Tool is located at this URL:
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For S1 or S2 service requests or if you do not have Internet access, contact the Cisco TAC by telephone.
(S1 or S2 service requests are those in which your production network is down or severely degraded.)
Cisco engineers are assigned immediately to S1 and S2 service requests to help keep your business
operations running smoothly.
To open a service request by telephone, use one of the following numbers:
Asia-Pacific: +61 2 8446 7411 (Australia: 1 800 805 227)
EMEA: +32 2 704 55 55
USA: 1 800 553-2447
For a complete list of Cisco TAC contacts, go to this URL:
http://www.cisco.com/techsupport/contacts
Definitions of Service Request Severity
To ensure that all service requests are reported in a standard format, Cisco has established severity
definitions.
Severity 1 (S1)—Your network is “down,” or there is a critical impact to your business operations. You
and Cisco will commit all necessary resources around the clock to resolve the situation.
Severity 2 (S2)—Operation of an existing network is severely degraded, or significant aspects of your
business operation are negatively affected by inadequate performance of Cisco products. You and Cisco
will commit full-time resources during normal business hours to resolve the situation.
Severity 3 (S3)—Operational performance of your network is impaired, but most business operations
remain functional. You and Cisco will commit resources during normal business hours to restore service
to satisfactory levels.
Severity 4 (S4)—You require information or assistance with Cisco product capabilities, installation, or
configuration. There is little or no effect on your business operations.
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Obtaining Additional Publications and Information
Obtaining Additional Publications and Information
Information about Cisco products, technologies, and network solutions is available from various online
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• Cisco Marketplace provides a variety of Cisco books, reference guides, documentation, and logo
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or view the digital edition at this URL:
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• Networking Professionals Connection is an interactive website for networking professionals to
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• World-class networking training is available from Cisco. You can view current offerings at
this URL:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/index.html
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Obtaining Additional Publications and Information
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© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.