BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 for FabricOS version 8.2.0a2 from Brocade Communications Systems LLC BSI - Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, Postfach 20 03 63, D-53133 Bonn Phone +49 (0)228 99 9582-0, Fax +49 (0)228 9582-5477, Infoline +49 (0)228 99 9582-111 Certification Report V1.0 CC-Zert-327 V5.23 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 (*) Network Device FabricOS version 8.2.0a2 from Brocade Communications Systems LLC PP Conformance: None Functionality: Product specific Security Target Common Criteria Part 2 extended Assurance: Common Criteria Part 3 conformant EAL 2 augmented by ALC_FLR.2 The IT Product identified in this certificate has been evaluated at an approved evaluation facility using the Common Methodology for IT Security Evaluation (CEM), Version 3.1 extended by Scheme Interpretations for conformance to the Common Criteria for IT Security Evaluation (CC), Version 3.1. CC and CEM are also published as ISO/IEC 15408 and ISO/IEC 18045. (*) This certificate applies only to the specific version and release of the product in its evaluated configuration and in conjunction with the complete Certification Report and Notification. For details on the validity see Certification Report part A chapter 5. The evaluation has been conducted in accordance with the provisions of the certification scheme of the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) and the conclusions of the evaluation facility in the evaluation technical report are consistent with the evidence adduced. This certificate is not an endorsement of the IT Product by the Federal Office for Information Security or any other organisation that recognises or gives effect to this certificate, and no warranty of the IT Product by the Federal Office for Information Security or any other organisation that recognises or gives effect to this certificate, is either expressed or implied. Bonn, 8 October 2019 For the Federal Office for Information Security Joachim Weber L.S. Head of Branch SOGIS Recognition Agreement Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik Godesberger Allee 185-189 - D-53175 Bonn - Postfach 20 03 63 - D-53133 Bonn Phone +49 (0)228 99 9582-0 - Fax +49 (0)228 9582-5477 - Infoline +49 (0)228 99 9582-111 Common Criteria Recognition Arrangement Certification Report BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 This page is intentionally left blank. 4 / 31 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 Certification Report Contents A. Certification......................................................................................................................6 1. Preliminary Remarks....................................................................................................6 2. Specifications of the Certification Procedure...............................................................6 3. Recognition Agreements..............................................................................................7 4. Performance of Evaluation and Certification................................................................8 5. Validity of the Certification Result.................................................................................8 6. Publication....................................................................................................................9 B. Certification Results.......................................................................................................10 1. Executive Summary....................................................................................................11 2. Identification of the TOE.............................................................................................12 3. Security Policy............................................................................................................15 4. Assumptions and Clarification of Scope.....................................................................15 5. Architectural Information.............................................................................................16 6. Documentation...........................................................................................................17 7. IT Product Testing.......................................................................................................17 8. Evaluated Configuration.............................................................................................21 9. Results of the Evaluation............................................................................................22 10. Obligations and Notes for the Usage of the TOE.....................................................25 11. Security Target..........................................................................................................25 12. Definitions.................................................................................................................25 13. Bibliography..............................................................................................................27 C. Excerpts from the Criteria..............................................................................................29 D. Annexes.........................................................................................................................30 5 / 31 Certification Report BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 A. Certification 1. Preliminary Remarks Under the BSIG1 Act, the Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) has the task of issuing certificates for information technology products. Certification of a product is carried out on the instigation of the vendor or a distributor, hereinafter called the sponsor. A part of the procedure is the technical examination (evaluation) of the product according to the security criteria published by the BSI or generally recognised security criteria. The evaluation is normally carried out by an evaluation facility recognised by the BSI or by BSI itself. The result of the certification procedure is the present Certification Report. This report contains among others the certificate (summarised assessment) and the detailed Certification Results. The Certification Results contain the technical description of the security functionality of the certified product, the details of the evaluation (strength and weaknesses) and instructions for the user. 2. Specifications of the Certification Procedure The certification body conducts the procedure according to the criteria laid down in the following: ● Act on the Federal Office for Information Security2 ● BSI Certification and Approval Ordinance3 ● BSI Schedule of Costs4 ● Special decrees issued by the Bundesministerium des Innern (Federal Ministry of the Interior) ● DIN EN ISO/IEC 17065 standard ● BSI certification: Scheme documentation describing the certification process (CC- Produkte) [3] ● BSI certification: Scheme documentation on requirements for the Evaluation Facility, its approval and licencing process (CC-Stellen) [3] 1 Act on the Federal Office for Information Security (BSI-Gesetz - BSIG) of 14 August 2009, Bundesgesetzblatt I p. 2821 2 Act on the Federal Office for Information Security (BSI-Gesetz - BSIG) of 14 August 2009, Bundesgesetzblatt I p. 2821 3 Ordinance on the Procedure for Issuance of Security Certificates and approval by the Federal Office for Information Security (BSI-Zertifizierungs- und -Anerkennungsverordnung - BSIZertV) of 17 December 2014, Bundesgesetzblatt 2014, part I, no. 61, p. 2231 4 Schedule of Cost for Official Procedures of the Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik (BSI-Kostenverordnung, BSI-KostV) of 03 March 2005, Bundesgesetzblatt I p. 519 6 / 31 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 Certification Report ● Common Criteria for IT Security Evaluation (CC), Version 3.15 [1] also published as ISO/IEC 15408 ● Common Methodology for IT Security Evaluation (CEM), Version 3.1 [2] also published as ISO/IEC 18045 ● BSI certification: Application Notes and Interpretation of the Scheme (AIS) [4] 3. Recognition Agreements In order to avoid multiple certification of the same product in different countries a mutual recognition of IT security certificates - as far as such certificates are based on ITSEC or CC - under certain conditions was agreed. 3.1. European Recognition of CC – Certificates (SOGIS-MRA) The SOGIS-Mutual Recognition Agreement (SOGIS-MRA) Version 3 became effective in April 2010. It defines the recognition of certificates for IT-Products at a basic recognition level and, in addition, at higher recognition levels for IT-Products related to certain SOGIS Technical Domains only. The basic recognition level includes Common Criteria (CC) Evaluation Assurance Levels EAL 1 to EAL 4. For "Smartcards and similar devices" a SOGIS Technical Domain is in place. For "HW Devices with Security Boxes" a SOGIS Technical Domains is in place, too. In addition, certificates issued for Protection Profiles based on Common Criteria are part of the recognition agreement. The current list of signatory nations and approved certification schemes, details on recognition, and the history of the agreement can be seen on the website at https://www.sogisportal.eu. The SOGIS-MRA logo printed on the certificate indicates that it is recognised under the terms of this agreement by the related bodies of the signatory nations. A disclaimer beneath the logo indicates the specific scope of recognition. This certificate is recognized under SOGIS-MRA for all assurance components selected. 3.2. International Recognition of CC – Certificates (CCRA) The international arrangement on the mutual recognition of certificates based on the CC (Common Criteria Recognition Arrangement, CCRA-2014) has been ratified on 08 September 2014. It covers CC certificates based on collaborative Protection Profiles (cPP) (exact use), CC certificates based on assurance components up to and including EAL 2 or the assurance family Flaw Remediation (ALC_FLR) and CC certificates for Protection Profiles and for collaborative Protection Profiles (cPP). The current list of signatory nations and approved certification schemes can be seen on the website: https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org. The Common Criteria Recognition Arrangement logo printed on the certificate indicates that this certification is recognised under the terms of this agreement by the related bodies of the signatory nations. A disclaimer beneath the logo indicates the specific scope of recognition. 5 Proclamation of the Bundesministerium des Innern of 12 February 2007 in the Bundesanzeiger dated 23 February 2007, p. 3730 7 / 31 Certification Report BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 This certificate is recognized according to the rules of CCRA-2014, i. e. up to and including CC part 3 EAL 2+ ALC_FLR components. 4. Performance of Evaluation and Certification The certification body monitors each individual evaluation to ensure a uniform procedure, a uniform interpretation of the criteria and uniform ratings. The product FabricOS , version 8.2.0a2 has undergone the certification procedure at BSI. The evaluation of the product FabricOS , version 8.2.0a2 was conducted by SRC Security Research & Consulting GmbH. The evaluation was completed on 30 September 2019. SRC Security Research & Consulting GmbH is an evaluation facility (ITSEF)6 recognised by the certification body of BSI. For this certification procedure the applicant is: Brocade Communications Systems LLC. The product was developed by: Brocade Communications Systems LLC. The certification is concluded with the comparability check and the production of this Certification Report. This work was completed by the BSI. 5. Validity of the Certification Result This Certification Report applies only to the version of the product as indicated. The confirmed assurance package is valid on the condition that ● all stipulations regarding generation, configuration and operation, as given in the following report, are observed, ● the product is operated in the environment described, as specified in the following report and in the Security Target. For the meaning of the assurance components and assurance levels please refer to CC itself. Detailed references are listed in part C of this report. The Certificate issued confirms the assurance of the product claimed in the Security Target at the date of certification. As attack methods evolve over time, the resistance of the certified version of the product against new attack methods needs to be re-assessed. Therefore, the sponsor should apply for the certified product being monitored within the assurance continuity program of the BSI Certification Scheme (e.g. by a re-assessment or re-certification). Specifically, if results of the certification are used in subsequent evaluation and certification procedures, in a system integration process or if a user's risk management needs regularly updated results, it is recommended to perform a re- assessment on a regular e.g. annual basis. In order to avoid an indefinite usage of the certificate when evolved attack methods would require a re-assessment of the products resistance to state of the art attack methods, the maximum validity of the certificate has been limited. The certificate issued on 8 October 2019 is valid until 07.10.2024. Validity can be re-newed by re-certification. The owner of the certificate is obliged: 6 Information Technology Security Evaluation Facility 8 / 31 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 Certification Report 1. when advertising the certificate or the fact of the product's certification, to refer to the Certification Report as well as to provide the Certification Report, the Security Target and user guidance documentation mentioned herein to any customer of the product for the application and usage of the certified product, 2. to inform the Certification Body at BSI immediately about vulnerabilities of the product that have been identified by the developer or any third party after issuance of the certificate, 3. to inform the Certification Body at BSI immediately in the case that security relevant changes in the evaluated life cycle, e.g. related to development and production sites or processes, occur, or the confidentiality of documentation and information related to the Target of Evaluation (TOE) or resulting from the evaluation and certification procedure where the certification of the product has assumed this confidentiality being maintained, is not given any longer. In particular, prior to the dissemination of confidential documentation and information related to the TOE or resulting from the evaluation and certification procedure that do not belong to the deliverables according to the Certification Report part B, or for those where no dissemination rules have been agreed on, to third parties, the Certification Body at BSI has to be informed. In case of changes to the certified version of the product, the validity can be extended to the new versions and releases, provided the sponsor applies for assurance continuity (i.e. re-certification or maintenance) of the modified product, in accordance with the procedural requirements, and the evaluation does not reveal any security deficiencies. 6. Publication The product FabricOS , version 8.2.0a2 has been included in the BSI list of certified products, which is published regularly (see also Internet: https://www.bsi.bund.de and [5]). Further information can be obtained from BSI-Infoline +49 228 9582-111. Further copies of this Certification Report can be requested from the developer7 of the product. The Certification Report may also be obtained in electronic form at the internet address stated above. 7 Brocade Communications Systems LLC 1320 Ridder Park Drive San Jose 95131 9 / 31 Certification Report BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 B. Certification Results The following results represent a summary of ● the Security Target of the sponsor for the Target of Evaluation, ● the relevant evaluation results from the evaluation facility, and ● complementary notes and stipulations of the certification body. 10 / 31 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 Certification Report 1. Executive Summary The Target of Evaluation (TOE) is the Brocade Communications Systems LLC FabricOS Version 8.2.0a2 running on Brocade Directors and Switches family of products configured as instructed by the preparatory documentation which are provided by Brocade Communications Systems LLC. Brocade Communications Systems LLC FabricOS Version 8.2.0a2 running on Brocade Directors and Switches is a software solution utilizing hardware appliances that implement what is called a 'Storage Area Network' or 'SAN'. SANs provide physical connections between servers that are located in the environment and storage devices such as disk storage systems and tape libraries that are also located in the environment. The TOE provides the following major security features: • auditing of user activity, • identification and authentication of users, • management based upon user roles, • a SAN access policy, • restrictions upon TOE access, • encryption supporting communication with network peers, and • encryption supporting administrative trusted path. The Security Target [6] is the basis for this certification. It is not based on a certified Protection Profile. The TOE Security Assurance Requirements (SAR) are based entirely on the assurance components defined in Part 3 of the Common Criteria (see part C or [1], Part 3 for details). The TOE meets the assurance requirements of the Evaluation Assurance Level EAL 2 augmented by ALC_FLR.2. The TOE Security Functional Requirements (SFR) relevant for the TOE are outlined in the Security Target [6] chapter 6.1. They are selected from Common Criteria Part 2 and some of them are newly defined. Thus the TOE is CC Part 2 extended. The TOE Security Functional Requirements are implemented by the following TOE Security Functionality: TOE Security Functionality Addressed issue Security audit The TOE generates Audit data. The Audit records include date, time of the event, type, user identity that caused the event. The records are sent to a syslog server in the environment. User data protection The TOE provides the ability to restrict block-read and block-write operations to connected storage devices that are initiated by host bus adapters. Host bus adapter can only access storage devices that are members of the same zone. Identification and Authentication The TOE defines administrative users with user identity, password and role. Role permissions determine the functions that administrators may perform. The TOE authenticates administrative users using either its own authentication mechanism or a RADIUS or LDAP Server. Passwords are chosen by a defined policy. Security Management The TOE provides both serial terminal- and Ethernet network-based 11 / 31 Certification Report BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 TOE Security Functionality Addressed issue management interfaces. Each of these types of interfaces provides equivalent management functionality. TOE Access An IP Filter policy is a set of rules applied to the IP management interfaces as a packet filtering firewall. The IP Filter policy permits or denies traffic to go through the IP management interfaces according to the policy rules. Trusted Path The TOE enforces a trusted path between the TOE administrators and the TOE using SSHv2 connections for Ethernet connections from the Administrator terminal to the TOE and configured network peers that are providing syslog, RADIUS or LDAP services Table 1: TOE Security Functionalities For more details please refer to the Security Target [6], chapter 7. The assets to be protected by the TOE are defined in the Security Target [6] chapter 3. Based on these assets the TOE Security Problem is defined in terms of Assumptions, Threats and Organisational Security Policies. This is outlined in the Security Target [6], chapters 3.1 and 3.2. This certification covers the configurations of the TOE as outlined in chapter 8. The vulnerability assessment results as stated within this certificate do not include a rating for those cryptographic algorithms and their implementation suitable for encryption and decryption (see BSIG Section 9, Para. 4, Clause 2). The certification results only apply to the version of the product indicated in the certificate and on the condition that all the stipulations are kept as detailed in this Certification Report. This certificate is not an endorsement of the IT product by the Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) or any other organisation that recognises or gives effect to this certificate, and no warranty of the IT product by BSI or any other organisation that recognises or gives effect to this certificate, is either expressed or implied. 2. Identification of the TOE The Target of Evaluation (TOE) is called: FabricOS , version 8.2.0a2 The following table outlines the TOE deliverables: N o Type Identifier Release Form of Delivery SHA-512 Checksum 1 SW Brocade Communications Systems LLC FabricOS Version 8.2.0a2 8.2.0.a2 Pre-installed on Brocade Director Blade Models, Director Models, Switch Appliance Models, see section 2.1 - 12 / 31 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 Certification Report N o Type Identifier Release Form of Delivery SHA-512 Checksum 2 DOC Brocade Fabric OS 8.2.0a BSI Configuration Guide FOS-802a- BSI- UG100, 18 January 2019 Password-protected user-id for registered users (customers), web download secured with https C4F95D9D19EBF76 AF1FEC65B0F7B68 A7A83891BBD81C4 CCACC04316EB60 EC02E72B15467F1 928DB14983A37BF 8EF390D7DAEF5C4 4B978D4A31A3B25 F04347D5E 3 DOC Brocade - FabricOS Administration Guide, 8.2.0a #53- 1005237- 05, 10 May 2018 Password-protected user-id for registered users (customers), web download secured with https 11B7FAFB8D10BA8 09521F1A411BAE21 E750A52C3350CED 4C927FB4F88923A 02FB8496A231FDA E382BABFC8A8279 88A461D33DF6818 5CBF5D52F1851C5 2D2800C 4 DOC Brocade – FabricOS Command Reference, 8.2.0a 53- 1005241- 04, 10 April 2018 Password-protected user-id for registered users (customers), web download secured with https 15C22C35C15DF38 AADB83AFD94FBD E1A8AFBE91795F0 8F59C5156DDF157 E9677280D318ECF CB8921D235EA331 8682B6E35C621888 B8B37D4333E9C77 F7F5B177 5 DOC Brocade – FabricOS Message Reference, 8.2.0a 53- 1005249- 04, 10 April 2018 Password-protected user-id for registered users (customers), web download secured with https 4F2B2AECD1B6DA 16F0AECD495AB03 CD26160B4A0416C A732C719E646AE6 13FCBF5B2E49F74 57A4804819218ED3 9D9D30F49FBC6A2 738065A7150DA2D 4B5730F0 6 DOC Brocade – FabricOS Troubleshooting and Diagnostics Guide, Supporting FabricOS, 8.2.0 53- 1005252- 03, 10 April 2018 Password-protected user-id for registered users (customers), web download secured with https E59697B102573260 D2934491C41BAB7 B695B9FFD1733EA 5F4618C67FE7A50 32B8F9BC5C36AB4 1AC5C5FAD959A2A 3520951A4B845E55 4FC76FB2FC8B7E3 39497E Table 2: Deliverables of the TOE The certified software, Brocade Communications Systems LLC FabricOS Version 8.2.0a2, is certified for the following series and models of Brocade Director and switch products: • Generation 5 hardware (Gen5HW) ◦ Director Blade1 Models: FC16-32, FC16-48, FC16-64, CP8, CR16-4, CR16-8, FX8-24 13 / 31 Certification Report BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 ◦ Director Models: DCX 8510-4, DCX 8510-8 ◦ Switch Appliance Models: 6510, 6520 and 7840 • Gen 6 hardware (Gen6HW) ◦ Director Blade Models: FC32-48, CPX6, CR32-4, CR32-8 and SX6 ◦ Director Models: X6-4, X6-8 ◦ Switch Appliance Models: G620 and G630 The software loading process is automated and solely controlled by Brocade’s engineers. Brocade FabricOS images are retrieved by authorized Brocade personnel and are transferred securely to factory sites across private networks. After the hardware is loaded with FabricOS at the manufacturer´s site, the hardware is packaged and the entire crate is shrink-wrapped afterwards. During all steps confidentiality, authenticity and integrity are ensured by Brocade’s engineers, by the private network and at Brocade’s manufacturer’s site. For documentation and software downloads, Brocade Partner Network and Brocade Connect sites are given access only to registered-partners and end users respectively. Guidance documents in these sites are authenticated using an Okta user-id and password which are provided only to these registered users. Okta is an ID and password management service that provides both Single-Sign-On and universal-directory services. This documentation is authored by Brocade and transferred to the Brocade web site (https://www.brocade.com) through a VPN that provides authentication of Brocade as the document’s source. The web download of the documentation files is secured with Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS). Brocade performs the delivery directly to end customers or to the OEM/channel partner by respecting the same standards. The transport is performed by trusted C-TPAT2 certified carriers. Brocade selects its carriers by using a request for proposal (RFP) process, where the transport company has to declare to be CTPAT certified. Brocade verifies CTPAT certification before commencement of operations with that transport company. Every delivery has an identifier from the commercial carrier (e.g., tracking number) and contains a packaging list. Each stock keeping unit (SKU) has a detailed bill of materials with numerous specification documents. This ensures authenticity and integrity and confidentiality. The shrink-wrapped crate is shipped to Brocade’s OEM/channel partner then directly to end customers using commercial carriers. After delivering products to the OEM the responsibility for security needs is transferred from Brocade to the OEM, who will handle the delivery to the end customer. The end customer can initiate an own commercial carrier transport of the pre-installed TOE from Brocade to its site self-dependent. After leaving the manufacturer´s site the end customer´s transport service has to ensure authenticity, integrity and confidentiality of the TOE. Note 1: As it is unequivocally stated in documentation that the download delivery which is also offered does not lead to a certified version of the TOE. Note 2: Using the BSI Common Criteria Configuration Guide with a download version of FabricOS will not lead to a certified version. 14 / 31 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 Certification Report 2.1. Identification of the TOE by the User On boot up, the user has to verify and confirm that the approved Brocade Communications Systems LLC FabricOS Version 8.2.0a2 is pre-installed using “version” or “firmwareshow” command. 3. Security Policy The security policy enforced is defined by the selected set of Security Functional Requirements and implemented by the TOE. The TOE implements a role-based access control policy to control administrative access to the system. In addition, the TOE implements policies pertaining to the following security functional classes: • Security audit • User data protection • Identification and authentication • Security management • TOE access • Trusted path Specific details concerning the above mentioned security policies can be found in [6], chapter 7. 4. Assumptions and Clarification of Scope The Assumptions defined in the Security Target and some aspects of Threats and Organisational Security Policies are not covered by the TOE itself. These aspects lead to specific security objectives to be fulfilled by the TOE-Environment. The following topics are of relevance: • OE.AUDIT - The environment will provide a Syslog server and a means to present a readable view of the audit data. • OE.AUTH_SVR - The authentication server will offer a password policy that requires password length, password strength and a restriction of failed login attempts that is consistent with the requirements of the Security Target. • OE.PKI - The PKI associated with the trusted root certificates that are installed into the TOE utilize cryptographic algorithms and methods appropriate for the protection of the data processed by the TOE. • OE.NETWORK - The Environment will physically protect network communication to and from the TOE from unauthorized disclosure or modification. • OE.MGMT_NET - The SSHv2 administration workstation, syslog server, and (when utilized) the authentication servers that are connected to the management network are operated in a secure environment. • OE.CONFIG - The TOE will be installed, configured, managed and maintained in accordance with its guidance documentation. • OE.PHYCAL - The TOE will be located within controlled access facilities, which will prevent unauthorized physical access. 15 / 31 Certification Report BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 • OE.HARDWARE - The TOE is assumed to run on models of Brocade Directors and Switches that are listed in section 1.2, [6]. In particular it is assumed that the following functionality is available to the TOE: • a) Hardware real time clock • b) A trustworthy bootloader Details can be found in the Security Target [6], chapter 4.2. 5. Architectural Information The Target of Evaluation (TOE) is Fabric Operating System (FabricOS) version 8.2.0a2 running on Brocade Directors and Switches hardware appliances. The Brocade Directors and Switches hardware appliances are available in two form factors: a rack-mount Director Chassis with a variable number of blades, or a self-contained switch appliance device. This chapter gives an overview of the subsystems of the TOE and the corresponding TSF which were objects of this evaluation. The security functions of the TOE are enforced by the following two subsystems: • Runtime Subsystem (supports the TSF “Security audit”) • FabricOS Subsystem (supports the TSF “Security audit”, “User data protection”, “Identification and authentication”, “Security management”, “TOE access”, “Trusted path”) Operating system capabilities of the FabricOS are executed by the Runtime Subsystem. The Runtime Subsystem provides an execution environment for the FabricOS subsystem. The Logging functionality is responsible for the collection of audit records from other TOE software, the insertion of common fields into audit records (e.g., date/time stamps), the short-term, local storage of audit records, the protection of local audit records, and the transmission of audit records to a remote syslog server. The Crypto Support Functionality is responsible for the cryptographic operations associated with various network protocols (e.g., SSHv2, TLSv1.2). The Crypto Support Functionality also generates SSH & TLS keys. All networking performed by the FabricOS Subsystem occurs over either the management network interface or over a SAN network interface. Each model of the TOE in-stalled has at least one management network port (a Director chassis may have more than one). The number of SAN network interfaces varies by model. These SAN network interfaces are used to connect the FabricOS Subsystem with HBAs and storage devices. The SAN functionality implements the FabricOS Subsystem support for traffic on SAN network interfaces, enforcing zoning rules and ensuring encryption of data as configuration dictates. The SAN functionality also provides fibre channel (FC) protocol support for use over physical FC SAN Data ports. The SAN functionality includes a fixed definition of IP Filters that protect the FabricOS Subsystem and limit network protocols accepted through network ports that are dedicated to SAN data (e.g. Ethernet SAN Data Ports). The management network is used exclusively to allow administrators to perform management operations on the FabricOS subsystem, and to support communication with external syslog, RADIUS and LDAP servers. 16 / 31 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 Certification Report Over the management network interface, the Remote Access Functionality provides the network protocol support for the SSH and TLS protocols which protect communication between administrators and the FabricOS subsystem. The AAA functionality provides network protocol support for the RADIUS and LDAP protocols. These protocols connect the FabricOS subsystem with an external authentication server. The Runtime Environment provides a local repository for user identification and authentication material. Together, the FabricOS subsystem can utilize either locally defined accounts or accounts defined via LDAP and RADIUS for the identification and authentication of administrators. The Admin functionality provides a command line interface for the configuration and management of the FabricOS subsystem over an SSH connection and ensures that all users are identified and authenticated before being allowed to perform operations using the Command Line Interface (CLI). Restrictions based upon administrative roles are en- forced upon actions taken through the CLI and supports the management of local user accounts and authentication material. 6. Documentation The evaluated documentation as outlined in table 2 is being provided with the product to the customer. This documentation contains the required information for secure usage of the TOE in accordance with the Security Target. Additional obligations and notes for secure usage of the TOE as outlined in chapter 10 of this report have to be followed. 7. IT Product Testing Developer Tests Test Configuration and Test Approach Brocade FabricOS runs on the complete range of Brocade platforms. In general it is the case that tests for any security-relevant TOE function may be performed on any Brocade hard-ware platform. None of the security-relevant functions contain behaviour that is unique to a particular platform. The test configuration can be applied to an arbitrary device of a switch appliance equivalence class, switch equivalence class or director equivalence class. Tests are executed on every equivalence class. For testing purpose the TOE is configured strictly following the referenced Common Criteria guidance document [9]. At the end of these steps an evaluated version is installed on an above mentioned equivalence class and can be tested in a freshly installed state providing the security features claimed in the Security Target. Testing of the TOE security functions is provided by a series of automated and manual tests. These tests demonstrate the security-relevant behaviour of the TOE at the interfaces identified in the Functional Specification document and defined in the High-Level Design documentation. The goal of the tests is to demonstrate that the TOE meets the security functional requirements specified in the Security Target. Using the testing resources is optimized by applying an adaptive, white box testing approach to exploit several properties of the TOE. 17 / 31 Certification Report BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 • Enable security auditing FAU_GEN.1: Enable security auditing, through the ‘auditcfg’ command and verify that set security alerts are triggered and reported correctly to the sys-log/syslog-ng server. • Account lockout for non admin accounts; successful and unsuccessful login FIA_AFL.1 FIA_UAU.5 FIA_UID.2 FTA_TSE.1: This test verifies that an account locks out after a configured number of “lockoutthreshold” and remains locked for the configured time “lockoutduration” minutes. • Use of Management Functions, including user / group modifications FMT_SMF.1 FMT_SMR.1 FMT_MTD.1(1) FMT_MTD.1(2) FIA_ATD.1(1): Validate user changes are reflected and admin role permissions supersede those of user role. • Authenticate incoming and outgoing SSH user with RSA keys FCS_CKM.1(1).1 FCS_COP.1(2) FCS_CKM.1(2).1: Validation of RSA key authentication to and from FOS switch without password. • Key and secret deletion FCS_CKM.4: Verifies that certificates can be deleted successfully. • Basic zoning on different HW FDP_ACF.1 FDP_ACC.1 FMT_MSA.1 FMT_MSA.3: This test verifies zoning of Brocade switches and validates the restriction of access to storage or initiator ports. • User class cannot supersede the default ad-min role FIA_ATD.1(1) FMT_SMR.1: This test covers that no non-admin defined class may supersede the default admin account for that access right (“O” and “M”). Command permissions are defined as either M for modify, O for observe, or N for No. • Password Policy Management FIA_ATD.1(1) FIA_ATD.1(2) FIA_SOS.1: This subsection verifies the functionality of various password policy parameters in a fabric environment. • Consistent user deny FIA_UAU.2 FIA_UID.2: Verify that passwords changes for all user ac-counts that can access the switch will be denied if account verification is rejected. Verify that no authentication data is feedback to the user while inputting authentication data. • RADIUS and LDAP authentication FTA_MCS.1 FIA_UAU.5: This test covers the authentication facility available to firmware by communicating to RADIUS and LDAP servers. • Cipher configuration with SSH and TLS ciphers FCS_CKM.1(1).1 FCS_COP.1(1) FCS_COP.1(2) FCS_CKM.2 FTP_ITC.1 FTP_TRP.1: This test verifies that sec- cryptoconfig functions correctly when editing the ciphers allowed for SSH sessions. • Maximum number of sessions for each role FMT_SMR.1 FTA_MCS.1: This test verifies that the total number of SSH sessions that are allowed is limited to 32. The local db authentication will limit users according to 4 sessions per account. • IPFILTER robustness AVA_VAN.2: Verify that ports can be opened and closed by changing active IPFILTER policy. • Verify import utility for validity of Certificate FIA_ATD.1(1): Verify invalid certificates cannot be imported into FOS for use with LDAP or syslog-ng. 18 / 31 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 Certification Report 7.1. Independent Evaluator Tests Overview The independent testing was partially performed using the developer’s testing environment, partially using the test environment of the evaluation facility. The configuration of the TOE being intended to be covered by the current evaluation was tested. The overall test result is that no deviations were found between the expected and the actual test results. TOE Test Configuration The TOE was tested in DMZ with a stand-alone test computer and additional work- stations. The TOE was running on one machine of each equivalence class and was configured according to chapter 1.4 of [6]. The evaluator has started the TOE and configured it together with the developer. This was done by directly booting up the TOE after the start-up of the machine. Besides the requirements described in chapter 1.4 of [6] the test environment also needs to fullfil the security objectives for the environment. These security objectives are fulfilled by the following services. The testers starting a SYSLOG server in the test net-work (OE.AUDIT, OE.MGMT_NET). Only a secure connection (SSH) is used to configure the TOE. The authentication server is installed with username and password (OE.AUTH_SVR). The test environment is located in a secured server room and in a distinct DMZ (OE.NETWORK, OE.PHYCAL, OE.MGMT_NET). The installation instructions are used as outlined in 1.4.2 of [6] (OE.CONFIG). Tests are executed only with Brocade Directors and Switches that are listed in section 1.2 of [6] (OE.HARDWARE). These above described components match the needed components described in the application developer guidance [9] to establish the TOE. The TOE environment and the related test equipment for the tests are consistent with the described ones in [6] and [9]. The tests of the TOE are carried out by executing the test environment. There are four standard workstations and 6 appliances with the TOE installed. In detail there are 3 appliances, one of each equivalence class with a redundant appliance. The four work- stations represent the 2 Authentication servers, syslog server and a testing workstation. The entire developer test configuration and the test protocols were made available to the evaluator. For testing the TOE the evaluators used the same configuration as used in the developer tests. The machines and the developer test cases were analyzed during a visit of SRC in the test lab of Brocade in Denver (CO) USA. The main difference is that the evaluator is using a https secured WebEx remote connection to connect to a test net-work at Brocade where all the test equipment is installed and running. During the visit in Denver CO the evaluators used the following test configuration: Test Setup for independent testing Hardware: 6520 (Eq Cl1) DCX CP0 / CP1 (Eq Cl2) G630 (Eq Cl3) 19 / 31 Certification Report BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 X6-4 (Eq Cl4) 7840 (Eq Cl1 with Goldeneye) Software: Brocade Communications Systems LLC FabricOS Version 8.2.0a2 LDAP (slapd –v on Linux) Linux: OpenLDAP: slapd 2.4.40 Windows Server 2012 R2 Datacenter: AD DS (Active Directory Domain Services) Radius (radius –v on linux) Linux: Free RADIUS Version 2.1.5 Windows Server 2012 R2 Datacenter: RADIUS Server in Network Access Policy 6.3.9600.16384 Syslog Server syslog-ng 3.13.2 on Debian 4.14.12 Storage Server SANBlaze V7.5 and 7.4.2 SRC Test OS Kali Linux Version 2018.1 Table 3: Test Setup for independent testing This hardware and software configuration has been used to establish a complete testing network including the TOE in every equivalence class (Eq Cl). During the tests the TOE runs on four different hardware appliances according to each equivalence class. In most of the test cases the TOE communicates with a Server (LDAP, RADIUS or Syslog). Additionally the TOE has been set up between the systems and SRC to conduct the evaluator tests. The systems are connected using Ethernet connection and a VPN Tunnel. Test Cases and results All developer tests were redone during the visit of the test lab in Denver(CO) USA 08th to 12th of October 2018. The following table shows six of the conducted developer tests and their test results. • Login via SSH as LDAP user and verify that login is successful • No non-admin defined MOF class may supersede the default admin account for that MOF by showing the current admin permissions. • Deletion of private key and known hosts • Validation of open ports from an external system • Creation of an initial Zone on the switch • Expiration of user password of ‘user’ The overall test result is that no deviations were found between the expected and the actual test results. The following list briefly summarizes the test subset devised by the evaluator: 20 / 31 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 Certification Report • Try to connect SSH with unsupported ciphers (Negative Test) • Try to connect SSH with supported cipher (Positive Test) • Try to connect TOE to server with not imported Certification Authority (Nega-tive Test) • Try to connect TOE to server with not supported cipher (Negative Test) • Try to establish SSH connection to TOE (Positive Test) • Try to establish SSH connection to TOE after deleting knownhosts (Positive Test) • Try to establish SSH connection to TOE after manipulating knoen host key of the TOE (Positive Test) • Test of the SSH connection Timeout after establishment (Positive Test) • Test of the dev/random function (Negative Test) The independent test subset consists of six individual tests. TSFI_1, TSFI_3, TSFI_4 and TSFI_7 were tested. The remaining TSFIs and conditions (with and without permission for each file) were tested during the developer’s tests. All actual test results were consistent with the expected test results. 7.2. Vulnerability Analysis Overview The penetration testing was partially performed using the developer’s testing environment, partially using the test environment of the ITSEF. Equivalence classes of TOE configurations were identified. At least one TOE configuration of every equivalence class was tested. The overall test result is that no deviations were found between the expected and the actual test results; moreover, no attack scenario with the attack potential Basic was actually successful. Tests and Results SFRs taken from Cryptographic support (FCS), regarding to RNG, SSH and TLS, were penetration tested. The remaining SFRs were analyzed, but not penetration tested due to non-exploitability of the related attack scenarios in the TOE’s operational environment also including an attacker with a Basic attack potential. The overall test result is that no deviations were found between the expected and the actual test results. No attack scenario with the attack potential Basic was actually successful in the TOE’s operational environment as defined in [6] provided that all measures required by the developer are applied. 8. Evaluated Configuration The evaluated configuration is the Brocade FabricOS version 8.2.0a2 software configured as instructed by the preparatory documentation called “BSI Common Criteria Configuration Guide” [9] and pre-installed on Brocade Directors and Switches hardware appliances. By using the preparatory documentation all models run the same configuration of the FabricOS Version 8.2.0a2 software. 21 / 31 Certification Report BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 The Brocade Directors and Switches hardware appliances are available in two form factors: • a rack-mount Director chassis with a variable number of blades, or • a self-contained switch appliance device. The following table summarizes the hardware equivalence classes and the relevant characteristics that distinguish each class: EQ I EQ II EQ III EQ IV Gen 5 Switch Appliance Gen 5 Director w/ CP blades Gen 6 Switch Appliance Gen 6 Director w/ CP blades Platforms 7840, 6510, 6520 DCX 8510-4, DCX 8510-8 G620, G630 X6-4, X6-8 ASIC Goldeneye2 and Condor3 Condor3 Condor4 Condor4 Speed 4G to 16Gb 4G to 16Gb 8G to 32G 8G to 32G Credit Buffers 700 to 8192 8192 2048 2048 Zones 4K to 8K 8K 2MB 1MB Max Trunk Ports 8 8 8 8 Note: Downloading and installing Brocade FabricOS version 8.2.0a2 in the field will not lead to an evaluated configuration. The evaluated configuration does not apply to all the features of the software. Applicable commands to configure or disable excluded features are detailed in the pre-requisites and configuration chapters of the BSI Common Criteria Configuration Guide [9]. 9. Results of the Evaluation 9.1. CC specific results The Evaluation Technical Report (ETR) [7] was provided by the ITSEF according to the Common Criteria [1], the Methodology [2], the requirements of the Scheme [3] and all interpretations and guidelines of the Scheme (AIS) [4] as relevant for the TOE. The Evaluation Methodology CEM [2] was used. For RNG assessment the scheme interpretations AIS 20 and AIS 31 were used (see [4]). As a result of the evaluation the verdict PASS is confirmed for the following assurance components: • All components of the EAL 2 package including the class ASE as defined in the CC (see also part C of this report) • The components ALC_FLR.2 augmented for this TOE evaluation. The evaluation has confirmed: 22 / 31 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 Certification Report • for the Functionality: Product specific Security Target Common Criteria Part 2 extended • for the Assurance: Common Criteria Part 3 conformant EAL 2 augmented by ALC_FLR.2 ● The results of the evaluation are only applicable to the TOE as defined in chapter 2 and the configuration as outlined in chapter 8 above. 9.2. Results of cryptographic assessment The strength of the cryptographic algorithms was not rated in the course of this certification procedure (see BSIG Section 9, Para. 4, Clause 2). But cryptographic functionalities with a security level of lower than 100 bits can no longer be regarded as secure without considering the application context. Therefore, for these functionalities it shall be checked whether the related crypto operations are appropriate for the intended system. Some further hints and guidelines can be derived from the 'Technische Richtlinie BSI TR-02102' (https://www.bsi.bund.de). The following table gives an overview of the cryptographic functionalities inside the TOE to enforce the security policy and outlines its rating from cryptographic point of view. Any Cryptographic Functionality that is marked in column 'Security Level above 100 Bits' of the following table with 'no' achieves a security level of lower than 100 Bits (in general context) only. No. Purpose Cryptographic Mechanism Standard of Implementation Key Size in Bits Security Level above 100 Bits Comments 1 Authenticity RSA signature verification for TLS RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 [PKCS#1 v2.1], [FIPS180-4] (SHA), [RFC5246] (TLS v1.2) modulus length = 2048 bit Yes 2 RSA signature verification for SSH RSASSA-PKCS1- v1_5 (authentication of SSH Host) [PKCS#1 v2.1], [FIPS180-4] (SHA), [RFC4252] (SSH-AUTH) modulus length = 2048 bit Yes 3 Authentication based on user name and password for SSH Ch. 5 of [RFC4252] (SSH-AUTH) Guess success probability ε ≤ 10-8 Yes Recommen dation of Guidances has to be followed. 4 Key Agreement Diffie-Hellman key agreement for SSH (Diffie-Hellman- group14-sha1) DH [RFC4253] (SSH v2.0), [RFC3526] (MODP) plength = 2048 Yes 5 Diffie-Hellman key agreement for SSHv2 (diffie-hellman-group- exchange-sha256) DH [RFC4419] (SSH v2.0) plength = 2048 Yes 23 / 31 Certification Report BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 No. Purpose Cryptographic Mechanism Standard of Implementation Key Size in Bits Security Level above 100 Bits Comments 6 HMAC value generation for SSH (PRF) HMAC with SHA-1 [FIPS180-4] (SHA), [RFC4253] (SSH v2.0) 128 bit Yes 7 Encrypted exchange of pre-master secret for TLS RSA-encryption RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 (TLS_RSA) [RFC5246] (TLS_RSA), [PKCS#1 v2.1] 2048 bit Yes 8 Encrypted exchange of pre-master secret for TLS DH ([HaC]) with group14 (TLS_DHE) from [RFC5246] (TLS v1.2) 2048 bit Yes 9 HMAC value generation for TLS (PRF) HMAC with SHA-256, SHA-384 [FIPS180-4] (SHA), [RFC2104] (HMAC), [RFC5246] (TLS v1.2) 256 bit and 384 bit Yes 10 Integrity HMAC value generation and verification for SSH HMAC with SHA1, SHA-256, SHA-512 [FIPS180-4] (SHA), [RFC2104] (HMAC), [RFC4253] (SSH v2.0), [RFC6668] (SHA-2 for SSH) 128, 256 bit and 512 bit Yes 11 HMAC value generation and verification for TLS HMAC with SHA-1, SHA-256,SHA-384 [FIPS180-4] (SHA), [RFC2104] (HMAC), [RFC5246] (TLS v1.2) 128 bit, 256 bit, and 384 bit Yes 12 Confident- iality Symmetric encryption and decryption for SSH AES in CBC mode AES in CTR mode [FIPS-197] (AES), [SP 800-38A] (CBC), [SP 800-38A] (CTR), [RFC4253] (SSH v2.0) 128 bit, and 256 bit Yes 24 / 31 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 Certification Report No. Purpose Cryptographic Mechanism Standard of Implementation Key Size in Bits Security Level above 100 Bits Comments 13 Symmetric encryption and decryption for TLS AES in CBC mode AES in GCM mode [FIPS-197] (AES), [SP 800-38A] (CBC), [SP 800-38D] (GCM), [RFC5246] (TLS v1.2) 128 bit, and 256 bit Yes 14 Trusted Channel SSHv2 [RFC4253] - Yes 15 TLSv1.2 [RFC5246] - Yes 16 Cryptographi c Primitive Deterministic RNG DRG.2 AIS 20/31 RNG DRG.2 2048 bit n.a n.a. Table 4: TOE cryptographic functionality 10. Obligations and Notes for the Usage of the TOE The documents as outlined in table 2 contain necessary information about the usage of the TOE and all security hints therein have to be considered. In addition all aspects of Assumptions, Threats and OSPs as outlined in the Security Target not covered by the TOE itself need to be fulfilled by the operational environment of the TOE. The customer or user of the product shall consider the results of the certification within his system risk management process. In order for the evolution of attack methods and techniques to be covered, he should define the period of time until a re-assessment of the TOE is required and thus requested from the sponsor of the certificate. The limited validity for the usage of cryptographic algorithms as outlined in chapter 9 has to be considered by the user and his system risk management process, too. 11. Security Target For the purpose of publishing, the Security Target [6] of the Target of Evaluation (TOE) is provided within a separate document as Annex A of this report. 12. Definitions 12.1. Acronyms AAA Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting AIS Application Notes and Interpretations of the Scheme BSI Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik / Federal Office for Information Security, Bonn, Germany BSIG BSI-Gesetz / Act on the Federal Office for Information Security CCRA Common Criteria Recognition Arrangement 25 / 31 Certification Report BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 CC Common Criteria for IT Security Evaluation CEM Common Methodology for Information Technology Security Evaluation CLI Command Line Interface cPP Collaborative Protection Profile DMZ Demilitarized Zone EAL Evaluation Assurance Level ETR Evaluation Technical Report FC Fiber Channel HBA Host Bus Adapter IT Information Technology ITSEF Information Technology Security Evaluation Facility PP Protection Profile RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service SAN Storage Area Network SAR Security Assurance Requirement SFP Security Function Policy SFR Security Functional Requirement SSH Secure Shell ST Security Target TOE Target of Evaluation TSF TOE Security Functionality 12.2. Glossary Augmentation - The addition of one or more requirement(s) to a package. Collaborative Protection Profile - A Protection Profile collaboratively developed by an International Technical Community endorsed by the Management Committee. Extension - The addition to an ST or PP of functional requirements not contained in CC part 2 and/or assurance requirements not contained in CC part 3. Formal - Expressed in a restricted syntax language with defined semantics based on well- established mathematical concepts. Informal - Expressed in natural language. Object - A passive entity in the TOE, that contains or receives information, and upon which subjects perform operations. Package - named set of either security functional or security assurance requirements Protection Profile - A formal document defined in CC, expressing an implementation independent set of security requirements for a category of IT Products that meet specific consumer needs. 26 / 31 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 Certification Report Security Target - An implementation-dependent statement of security needs for a specific identified TOE. Semiformal - Expressed in a restricted syntax language with defined semantics. Subject - An active entity in the TOE that performs operations on objects. Target of Evaluation - An IT Product and its associated administrator and user guidance documentation that is the subject of an Evaluation. TOE Security Functionality - Combined functionality of all hardware, software, and firmware of a TOE that must be relied upon for the correct enforcement of the SFRs. 13. Bibliography [1] Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation, Version 3.1, Part 1: Introduction and general model, Revision 5, April 2017 Part 2: Security functional components, Revision 5, April 2017 Part 3: Security assurance components, Revision 5, April 2017 https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org [2] Common Methodology for Information Technology Security Evaluation (CEM), Evaluation Methodology, Version 3.1, Rev. 5, April 2017, https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org [3] BSI certification: Scheme documentation describing the certification process (CC- Produkte) and Scheme documentation on requirements for the Evaluation Facility, approval and licencing (CC-Stellen), https://www.bsi.bund.de/zertifizierung [4] Application Notes and Interpretations of the Scheme (AIS) as relevant for the TOE8 https://www.bsi.bund.de/AIS [5] German IT Security Certificates (BSI 7148), periodically updated list published also on the BSI Website, https://www.bsi.bund.de/zertifizierungsreporte [6] Security Target BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019, Version 1.02, September 24, 2019, Brocade Communications Systems LLC FabricOS Version 8.2.0a2 Running on Brocade Directors and Switches Security Target, Brocade Communications Systems LLC [7] Evaluation Technical Report, Version 1.4, 30.09.2019, Evaluation Technical Report (ETR) Summary, SRC Security Research & Consulting GmbH (confidential document) [8] Brocade Configuration Management Plan, Version 4.9, September 17, 2019, (confidential document) [9] Brocade - Brocade Fabric OS 8.2.0a BSI User Guide – Technical Publication FOS- 802a-BSI-UG100, 18 January 2019, file name: fos-bsiguide-v820x-20190118.pdf 8 specifically • AIS 20, Version 3, Funktionalitätsklassen und Evaluationsmethodologie für deterministische Zufallszahlengeneratoren • AIS 31, Version 3, Funktionalitätsklassen und Evaluationsmethodologie für physikalische Zufallszahlengeneratoren • AIS 32, Version 7, CC-Interpretationen im deutschen Zertifizierungsschema 27 / 31 Certification Report BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 [10] Brocade - Brocade Fabric OS - Administration Guide, 8.2.0a –53-1005237-05, 10 May 2018 [11] Brocade - Brocade Fabric OS Command Reference, 8.2.0a, 53-1005241-04, 10 April 2018 [12] Brocade - Brocade Fabric OS Message Reference, 8.2.0a, 53-1005249-04, 10 April 2018 [13] Brocade - Brocade Fabric OS Troubleshooting and Diagnostics Guide, 8.2.0, 53- 1005252-03, 10 April 2018 28 / 31 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 Certification Report C. Excerpts from the Criteria For the meaning of the assurance components and levels the following references to the Common Criteria can be followed: • On conformance claim definitions and descriptions refer to CC part 1 chapter 10.5 • On the concept of assurance classes, families and components refer to CC Part 3 chapter 7.1 • On the concept and definition of pre-defined assurance packages (EAL) refer to CC Part 3 chapters 7.2 and 8 • On the assurance class ASE for Security Target evaluation refer to CC Part 3 chapter 12 • On the detailled definitions of the assurance components for the TOE evaluation refer to CC Part 3 chapters 13 to 17 • The table in CC part 3 , Annex E summarizes the relationship between the evaluation assurance levels (EAL) and the assurance classes, families and components. The CC are published at https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/cc/ 29 / 31 Certification Report BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 D. Annexes List of annexes of this certification report Annex A: Security Target provided within a separate document. 30 / 31 BSI-DSZ-CC-1097-2019 Certification Report Note: End of report 31 / 31